“In the first year of Belshazzar king of Babylon Daniel had a dream and visions of his head upon his bed’ then he wrote the dream, and told the sum of the matters.” Daniel 7:1.PTUK September 11, 1890, page 296.1

Just what year the first year of Belshazzar was, we are unable to determine. It used to be stated with confidence that it was the year 555 B.C.; but then it was supposed that Belshazzar and Nabonadius were one and the same person. The name Nabonadius was found in the accounts of the overthrow of Babylon; and, knowing that he began to reign in 555 B.C., chronologers placed 555 in the margin of the Bible as the first year of Belshazzar. But more recent explorations have revealed the fact that Belshazzar was the son of Nabonadius, and was simply associate king with his father. (See Rawlinson’s Seven Great Monarchies, the Fourth Monarchy, chap. 8, paragraphs 38-50.) When Cyrus came against Babylon, Nabonadius came out to meet him; but, being defeated, he shut himself up in Borsippa, a few miles below Babylon, having Belshazzar in charge of the city of Babylon.PTUK September 11, 1890, page 296.2

This explains why Belshazzar, on the night of his great feast, promised to make Daniel the third ruler in the kingdom (Daniel 5:16), and not the second, if he would interpret the writing on the wall. He promised Daniel the highest place that there was to bestow. Nabonadius was first, Belshazzar himself was second, and Daniel was made third. This is one of the strongest proofs of the accuracy of the Bible as an historical record. The more the ancient resources are unearthed, the more exact and authentic is the Bible shown to be.PTUK September 11, 1890, page 297.1

“Daniel spake and said, I saw in my vision by night, and, behold, the four winds of the heaven strove upon the great sea. And four great beasts came up from the sea, diverse one from another.” Daniel 7:2, 3.PTUK September 11, 1890, page 297.2

The Scriptures never put a man under the necessity of guessing at anything that God wishes him to understand; he wishes us to understand the book of Daniel (Matthew 24:15), and therefore we shall look to the Bible for the interpretation of this vision. In this seventh chapter we have the explanation. Verse 17 says: “These great beasts which are four, are four kings, which shall arise out of the earth.” And then, showing us that not individual kings but kingdoms are meant, the next verse continues: “But the saints of the most High shall take the kingdom, and possess the kingdom for ever, even for ever and ever.” Verse 18. From this verse we learn that these four kingdoms are to be the only universal empires before the setting up of the kingdom of God, of which the saints are heirs, and in which they are to dwell for ever. We found that this was the termination of the four kingdoms of Daniel 2. Therefore we know that the four kings of Daniel 7 must be identical with the four kings of Daniel 2; for it is an utter impossibility that the two series of universal kingdoms should exist in the earth at the same time.PTUK September 11, 1890, page 297.3

There are two other symbols, namely, the winds and the sea are symbolical, for the beasts are symbolical, and literal winds and the sea; but they are easily explained. The four beasts (kingdoms) came up as the result of the strife of the four winds of heaven upon the great sea. Winds blowing on the sea produce commotion. But the commotion by which nations rise and fall is war; therefore we must conclude that the four winds blowing on the great sea, represent strife among the people of the earth. We shall see that this is correct.PTUK September 11, 1890, page 297.4

It must be accepted as a fact that when a symbol is once used in a prophecy, with a certain meaning, it must have the same meaning in whatever other prophecy it is found. If this were not so, we would have no harmony in the Bible. By following this principle, all is harmonious. In the seventeenth of Revelation, John says that he saw a woman sitting on many waters (verse 1); and the angel told him (verse 15) that these waters were “peoples, and multitudes, and nations, and kings.” Then the great sea of Daniel 7 must represent the people of the earth. See also Isaiah 8:7, where the king of Assyria is called “the waters of river.” If the sea means people, then of course the stirring up of the sea, by winds, denotes the stirring up of the people-strife. In harmony with this, we find in Jeremiah 25:32, 33, that as a result of a great whirlwind that shall be raised up from the coasts of the earth, the slain shall be from one end of the earth even unto the other end of the earth. In Revelation 7:1-3 the wind, the fierce passions of men, are represented as being held so that the earth may not be hurt.PTUK September 11, 1890, page 297.5

The prophecy, then, simply brings to view the four universal empires,-Babylon, Medo-Persia, Grecia, and Rome,-each arising as the result of the ungoverned passions of the people. They were presented in this manner in order to bring out additional features. The first, Babylon, with its power and glory, was represented by a lion, with eagle’s wings. Daniel 7:4. In one place it is described as follows: “For, lo, I raise up the Chaldeans, that bitter and hasty nation... Their horses also are swifter than the leopards, and are more fierce than the evening wolves; and their horsemen shall spread themselves, and their horsemen shall come from far; they shall fly as the eagle that hasteth to eat.” Habakkuk 1:6-8.PTUK September 11, 1890, page 297.6

Daniel continues concerning this first beast: “I beheld till the wings thereof were plucked, and it was lifted up from the earth, and made stand upon the feet as a man, and a man’s heart was given to it.” Daniel 7:4. The marginal rendering “wherewith,” in place of the first “and,” makes the passage more clear thus: “I beheld till the wings thereof were plucked, wherewith it was lifted up from the earth, and it was made to stand upon the feet as a man, and a man’s heart was given to it.”PTUK September 11, 1890, page 297.7

The wings upon the back of the lion symbolize the swiftness with which Babylon extended her conquests. (See Habakkuk 1:6-8, quoted above.) By its wings it was lifted up from the earth, and made to rise above any obstacle that lay in the path, and thus its progress was unhindered. But the glory of the Babylonian kingdom ended with Nebuchadnezzar. The kingdom was as magnificent as ever, but the power to uphold the magnificence was gone. No longer did it surmount all obstacles as with the eagles’ wings; it then stood still, and extended its conquests no further. Instead of being lion-hearted, Belshazzar was so timid that “the joints of his loins were loosed, and his knees smote one against another” (Daniel 5:6), when in the midst of his blasphemous revel the handwriting appeared on the wall. “Conscience doth make cowards” of all wicked men, when they see the handwriting of God, whether on the wall or in His book.PTUK September 11, 1890, page 297.8

“And behold another beast, a second, like to a bear, and it raised up itself on one side, and it had three ribs in the mouth of it between the teeth of it; and they said thus unto it, Arise, devour much flesh.” Daniel 7:5.PTUK September 11, 1890, page 297.9

For the expression, “And it raised up itself on one side,” The marginal reading would substitute, “it raised up one dominion.” This would indicate, what was actually the case that one branch of the Medo-Persians empire had the pre-eminent. At the first, the Median kingdom was the kingdom, and Persia was only a province. When the Babylonian expedition was begun, it was by Darius, king of Media; his nephew, Cyrus, Prince of Persia, was simply an ally. When Babylon was conquered, Darius took the throne; but after the death of Darius, the median portion of the kingdom became secondary. Some historians say that Persia revolted from media, and gained its pre-eminence by conquest. But however it was, there is no question but that Persia was the leading power in the Medo-Persian dominion. So greatly did it tower above the median portion, that the empire is often spoken of simply as the Persian empire.PTUK September 11, 1890, page 297.10

“And they said thus unto it, Arise, devour much flesh.” Daniel 7:5. By this we can see the propriety of having the second line of symbols to represent the four kingdoms. Their peculiar characteristics could not be indicated by the parts of the image, except that one could be shown to be stronger or more magnificent than another. But in this line additional features are indicated. Thus the Medo-Persian empire is shown to have been characterized by lust for conquest, and disregard for human life. Every reader of history knows that the cruel, despotic disposition of most of the Persian kings, and the vast armies that they sacrifice, fully sustain the character which the prophecy gives to that empire. Prideaux pronounces the Persian kings, after Cyrus, “the worst race of men that ever governed an empire.”—Connection, under the year 559 B. C., Neriglissar I.PTUK September 11, 1890, page 297.11

“After this I beheld, and lo another, like a leopard, which had upon the back of it four wings of a fowl; the beast had also four heads; and dominion was given to it.” Daniel 7:6.PTUK September 11, 1890, page 297.12

The leopard is a very swift-footed beast, and the addition of four wings would give it speed almost beyond comprehension. Nothing could more fitly represent the Grecian empire under Alexander, whose very name is a synonym for celerity of movement. Says Rollin (book 15, sec. 2, last paragraph), “Alexander, in less than eight years, marched his army upwards of seventeen hundred leagues, without including his return to Babylon.” And he conquered enemies as he went.PTUK September 11, 1890, page 297.13

The foreheads of this beast can indicate nothing but the four parts into which the Grecian empire was divided after the death of Alexander. Bear in mind that the Grecian empire was not divided into four other empires, and but that there were foreheads to the one empire, just as there were foreheads to the leopard. Rollin gives the history of all the kings of the four divisions under the head of “Alexander’s Successors.”PTUK September 11, 1890, page 298.1

E. J. W.

August 14, 1890

September 25, 1890