Quakers and Shakers

The Society of Friends, or Quakers, coalesced around the ministry of George Fox (1624-1691), considered the most charismatic figure in religion in the seventeenth century. ^{33Ibid., 212.} He rehabilitated the role of the Holy Spirit. He helped pave the way for another creative expression in American religion known as the “United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearance,” ^{34Ibid., 291.} led by “Mother” Ann Lee (1736-1774). After giving birth to four children (all of whom died in infancy), she began to believe that sexual intercourse was sinful. She joined a group of pacifist Quakers, who then implemented a series of reforms. They believed that possession by the divine spirit led to uncontrollable shaking, which led to their being labeled Shakers. Although she died early, she founded a number of “colonies” with distinct characteristics including simplicity, cleanliness, and usefulness. As individuals they held no private property, vigorously opposed slavery, and refused to fight in the military. Together the Quakers and Shakers experienced significant growth during antebellum America. Like many others they blurred the boundaries of canonicity by turning inward for spiritual inspiration and authority.GOP 242.1