Subject Guide

Since this book deals with a limited number of subjects, this outline of the chapter contents is included in place of a subject index.

1. Sundry Voices Break General Medieval Silence 15 I. Jerusalem Patriarch Sophronius Asserts Immortality a Gift 15 1. Immortality the Grant of God 17 2. Read Into a General Council Record 17 II. Arabian Philosopher Averroes Projects Crisis 18 III. Greek Bishop Nicholas—Immortality Is Gift of God 20 IV. Leading Medieval Rabbis Maintain Final Extinction of Wicked 21 1. Maimonides Teaches Complete “Excision” of Wicked 23 2. Nachmanides Also Taught Excision of Soul 24 3. Abravanel’s Second Death Is Annihilation 24 4. Manasseh: Wicked Souls Cut Off 25 V. Witness of the Medieval Waldenses of Piedmont 26 1. Early Historic Backgrounds in Survey 29 2. Recognized Identity of Antichrist and! His Perversions 30 VI. Purgatory Errors Stem From Paganism, Not Scripture 30 1. Platonic Paganism Source of Purgatory Dogma 30 2. “Youth Catechism“: Purgatory Against “Commandments of God” 31 3. “Noble Lesson“: Reward at Day of Judgment 32 4. “Antichrist” Treatise: No Souls in Purgatory 32 5. “Now in Heaven” Contention Is Papal Innovation 33 6. II Maccabees Cited as Papal Ground for Purgatory 33 7. Papal Inquisitor Confirms Waldenses’ Rejection of Purgatory 34 VII. John XXII Digresses From Catholic Disposition of Soul at Death 35 1. The Troubled Reign of Pope John XXII 35 2. Soul Not in Presence of God Till After Resurrection 36 3. Disconcerting Questions Arise From Declaration 37 2. Horrifies of Hell and Foibles of Purgatory 39 I. Horrifies of Hell Portrayed in Literature and Art of Middle Ages 39 II. Historical Development and Involvements of Purgatory 41 1. Multiple Pagan Sources of Catholic Purgatory 41 2. Progressive Establishment in Catholic Circles 42 3. Becomes Powerful Force in Hands of Priesthood 44 4. Four Scriptural Passages Sometimes Invoked 45 5. Wherein Purgatory Differs From Hell 46 6. Summary: Mitigating the Horrors of Hell 47 3. Wyclif Pioneers and Pomponazzi Precipitates Crisis 49 I. Agitation During Dominance of Papal Traditionalism 49 1. Challenges to Innate Immortality Erupt 50 II. Wyclif: Death—Unconscious Sleep, Not Anguish in Purgatory 50 III. Progressive Developments in Thought and Action 52 1. Conflicts With Ecclesiastical Authority 53 2. Breaks Next With Medieval Theology 54 3. Anticipated Fundamental Principles of Protestantism 55 IV. Soul Sleep and the Myth of Purgatory 57 1. Led to Identification of Antichrist by Bible Prophecy 58 2. “Unconscious Sleep” Between Death and Resurrection 58 3. Immortality Received at the Resurrection 59 4. No Doctrine to Be Based on a Parable 59 V. Italian Professor Pomponatius Precipitates a Crisis 60 4. Luther Revives Conditionalism at Reformation Outset 64 I. Revival of Conditionalism Gradually Gathers Momentum 64 II. Luther Revives Conditionalism at Outset of Reformation 65 III. The Torments of Hell and the Pains of Purgatory 67 1. Proclaims Simplicity of the Gospel 68 2. Crisis Over Releasing Souls From Purgatory 69 IV. Dramatic Break With the Might of Rome 70 1. Final Rupture by Burning “Bull of Antichrist” 71 2. Traditionism Crowded Into Background 72 V. “Immortal Soul” Concept Derived From “Roman Dunghill of Decretals” 73 1. “Immortal Soul” Included Among Poke’s “Monstrous Opinions” 73 2. Blackburne’s Opinion on Luther’s Position 74 3. Kantonen Confirms Luther’s Emphasis on “Sleep” 74 4. Did Luther Later Reverse His Position? 75 5. Retains “Suspended Consciousness” Concept Till Day of Death 75 6. Luther’s Followers Sought to Conceal Sentiments 76 VI. Counters Purgatory With Unconscious Sleep of Soul 76 1. Dead Are Unconscious of Passing Time 77 2. Death a “Deep, Strong, Sweet Sleep” 77

3. Sleeps in Unconscious Rest and Peace 77 4. Rests Securely Till Awakener Calls 78 5. Question of Eternal Torment Left Untouched 78 VII. Anabaptist Often Involved in Conflict Over “Soul” in Death 79 1. Regeneration Prerequisite to Valid Baptism 80 2. Distinguish Sound Adherents From Fanatics 80 3. Five Categories of Anabaptists 81 4. Principles Held by Sound Anabaptists 82 5. Characteristics of Geographical Groups 82 VIII. Polish Anabaptists—Eternal Life After Resurrection 85 IX. Many Socinians Likewise Hold Conditionalist Positions 86 5. Tyndale and Frith Testify: Ethiopia and India Support 88 I. Clear-cut Stand on the Sleep of the Soul 93 1. Prophetic Depiction of Papal Perversions 93 2. Departed Souls Not in Heaven, Hell, or Purgatory 94 3. Innate Immortality From Paganism and Popery 94 4. “Saints in Heaven” Destroys Resurrection Argument 95 5. Does “Master More” Know More Than Paul? 95 II. Frith—Martyrdom for Denial of Consciousness in Purgatory % III. Twin Causes of Frith’s Death by Fire 100 1. Parable Is Basis of Bishop’s Contention 101 2. Conscious Torment Destroys Resurrection Argument 101 3. Righteous Rest in Peace, Not in Torment 102 4. Abraham’s Bosom Is Abraham’s Faith 102 5. Denial of Purgatory Becomes Death Warrant 102 IV. Continuous Ethiopian Witness for Thousand Years 103 1. Frumentius Becomes Bishop of Abyssinia 104 2. Jesuit Missionaries Discover Dissenting Belief 105 V. Origin and Witness of Malabar St. Thomas Christians 106 1. Rise and Spread of the Nestorian Movement 106 2. Significance of the Nestorian Movement 107 3. Characteristics of Malabar St. Thomas Christians 108 VI. Malabar Coast Witness—Dead Rest Until Judgment 108 1. Jesuit Record of Malabar Conditionalism 109 2. Protestant Record Confirms Conditionalist Beliefs 109 3. Tampering With the Records 111 6. Vehement Calvinist Positions and Anglican Opposites Develop 112 I. Calvin—Foremost Protestant Foe of “Soul Sleep” Postulate 112 1. Sovereignty of God and Theocracy for Man 114 II. Servetus—Conditionalism Included Among His “Heresies” 115 III. Historical Setting of Calvin’s Psychopannychia 116 IV. Hurls Invectives Against Anabaptist Soul Sleepers 118 V. The Gist of Calvin’s Attack on Soul Sleep 120 1. Calvin’s Definition of the Soul 121 2. Death of “Soul” is “Abandonment by God” 121 3. “Dead” Defined as Not “Visibly Existing” 121 4. “Thoughts Perishing” Construed as “Designs” Dissipated 121 5. Central Attack Is on “Sleep” of Soul 121 6. “Sleep” Applies Only to “Body” Never to “Soul” 122 7. Acquaintance With Platonism Disclosed 122 8. Authority of Tradition Is Invoked 122 9. The Soul Returns to God at Death 122 10. Freed From Body, Soul Soars Aloft 123 11. Contends “Rich Man and Lazarus” Not a Parable 123 12. Christ Intensely Alive During His Death 123 13. Alleges Jonah Prayed While Dead in Whale 124 14. Wicked Said to Feel Ceaseless Flame of Eternal Fire 124 15. Soul Sleep Declared a Fabricated Abomination 124 VI. Eternal Torment Not Established Dogma of Anglican Church 125 1. Earliest Anglican Articles (1553) Condemn “Soul Sleep” 125 2. Elizabethan Revisions (1563) Reduce Articles to “Thirty-nine” 126 VII. “Mystic” Renato—Soul Sleeps Unconsciously Until Resurrection 127 7. Persecution Unto Death for Faith Under Queen Elizabeth 130 I. Terwoort and Pieters Burned for Faith Under Queen Elizabeth 130 II. Conditionalists Legatt and Wightman Burned at Stake Under James I 134 1. “Rotton Contagious Member” Is “Cut Off” 135 2. Included “Heresy” of “Soul Sleep” 136 3. Last Public Burning for “Heresy” by Protestant Monarch 138 III. 20,000 Baptists Declare “Faith” in Confession of 1660 138 1. Comprehensive Portrayal of Belief 139 2. Concept of Nature and Destiny of Man 140 IV. Signatory Caffyn—Immortality Held in “Promise,” Not Present Possession 142 V. Unitarian John Biddle—Persecuted for Conditionalist Beliefs 144 VI. Immortality for Saints; Utter Destruction for Sinners 146 1. Eternal Life Limited to Believing Saints 147 2. Wicked Are Devoured, Pass Away, Perish in “Second Death” 147

3. The Soul to Be Destroyed in Hell 147 4. First Resurrection for Saints; Second Death for Sinners 147 8. Poets Mihon and Wither—The Whole Man Dies in Death 150 I. Milton the Outspoken Proponent of Conditionalism 152 1. Man a Unit, Not a Compound 152 2. Death of Body Is Extinction of Life 153 3. Whole Man Suffers Privation of Life 153 4. Sentence of Death Executed Upon Whole Man 154 5. Crown of Righteousness Not Yet Received 154 6. Souls Not in Heaven During Death 155 7. Soul of Lazarus Not Recalled From Heaven 155 8. Natural Propagation, Not Special Creations 155 II. Conditionalism Even Woven Into Paradise Lost 156 III. Milton Answers Nine Stock “Objection” Passages 157 1. Soul Redeemed From Power of Grave 157 2. Spirit Returns to God, Body to Grave 157 3. Body, Temporal Life; Soul, Spiritual Life 157 4. Intervening Time “Annihilated” for Those Who Sleep 158 5. Grave “Common Guardian of All” Till Judgment Day 158 6. Souls Under Altar Not Separated From Body 158 7. Obscure Must Not Override Many Clear Passages 159 8. Christ Committed Body, Soul, and Spirit to God 159 9. Not Separation of Soul From Body 159 IV. Poet George Wither—Man a Candidate for Immortality 160 1. Soul Nonexistent Apart From Body 161 2. Life “Doth Principally Form the Soul” 161 9. Overton Imprisoned, Canne Exiled, and Chamberlen Derided 163 I. Overton’s Stormy Career as Conditionalist Pamphleteer 163 II. Samplings of Overton’s Conditionalist Contentions 167 1. During Death Man Ceases to Be Until the Resurrection 167 2. Mortalized by Adam; Immortalized by Christ 167 3. All Hope Grounded on Resurrection 168 4. Paradise Entered by Way of Resurrection 168 III. Canne Braves Reprisals to Print Overton’s Conditionalist Treatise 169 IV. Court Physician—Death a Sleep, With Resurrection Awakening 171 10. Seventeenth-Century Voices Augment Conditionalist Witness 176 I. Stegmann of Germany—Dead Restored to Life Through Resurrection 176 II. Cumulative Argument on Unconscious State of Dead 178 1. The Immortal-Soulist Position 178 2. Consciousness in Death Foundation of Purgatory 178 3. Recalled to Life at Resurrection 179 4. Was the Apostle Paul in Error? 179 5. Absurd to Hold Christ and Apostles in Error 179 6. Disembodied Souls Have No Consciousness 180 7. Body and Spirit Rejoined at Resurrection 180 III. Puritan Nathaniel Homes Stresses Resurrection 181 1. Significance of Peter Sterry’s Endorsement 182 IV. Baptist Richardson Opposes Eternal Torment Dogma 183 V. Professor Isaac Barrow—Temporal Offenders Not Punished Eternally 185 VI. Philosopher John Locke—Bold Stand Against Innate Immortality 187 1. Wicked Do “Not Live Forever” 189 2. Death Not “Eternal Life in Misery” 190 3. Eternal Life Rests on Promises of God 190 VII. Terse Excerpts From Locke’s Arguments 191 VIII. Archbishop Tillotson Undercuts Dogma of Eternal Torment 191 1. Declares Innate-Immortality Assumed, Not “Revealed” 192 2. Similar Continental Denial by Von Stosch 193 IX. Physician William Coward Denies Separate Entity of Soul 193 X. Rejects Immortal-Soulism Because of Pagan Origin 196 1. Wicked Not Yet in Torment, Nor Righteous in Heaven 1% 2. Immortal-Soulism Derived From Heathen Philosophers 196 3. The Contention of the Philosophers 197 4. Platonic Philosophy Interwoven Into Early Christian Doctrine 197 5. Crept Into Church Through Platonic Fathers 197 6. Life Interrupted by Death Restored at Resurrection 198 XI. Lawyer Layton Produces Succession of Conditionalist Treatises 199 XII. Scope of Writing Revealed by Twelve Titles 201 XIII. Witnesses Span Centuries; Opponents Invoke Same Arguments 202 11. Brilliant Witnesses on Both Sides of Atlantic 205 I. Blackburne—Historian of Reformation Conflict Over Soul Question 205 II. Blackburne’s Personal Views on Conditionalism 209 1. The Question of Disembodied Souls 209 2. Immortality Only Through Resurrection 209 3. No Separate Intermediate Life of Soul 210 4. Reformers Lopped “Branches,” Left “Root” of Error 210

5. Unfairness of Charge of “Heresy” 211 6. Restoration of “Whole Man” to Life 211 7. Dead Made Alive Only Through Resurrection 211 8. Immortal-Soulism “Overturns Whole Christian System” 211 III. Four Basic Charges Made by Blackburne 212 IV. Scientist Priestley—Total Insensibility Characterizes Death 214 V. Priestley on the Condition of Man in Death 216 1. Death Is State of “Absolute Insensibility” 216 2. Fallacy of “Separate Conscious State” 216 3. Future Life Based on Resurrection 217 4. “Soul-Sleep” Revival Credited to Bible 217 5. Time Will Remove Current Prejudices 218 VI. Two Illustrious Questioners of Eternal-Torment Thesis 218 1. Hymnist Watts—Does Not “Death” Include “Destruction” of Soul? 218 2. Bishop Warburton—Challenges Proponents of Everlasting Punishment 221 VII. Restorationism Revived as “Universalism” in Post Reformation 221 12. Eighteenth-Century Stalwarts Buttress Conditionalist Positions 224 I. Baptist Professor Whiston—Holds to Complete Destruction of the Wicked 224 1. Chaff Is “Burnt Up” in Utter Destruction 226 2. Flaming Fire to “Utterly Consume” Wicked 226 3. Eternal Life for Righteous Only 226 II. Nonconformist Hallett: If “No Resurrection, No Future State” 227 1. Lost Immortality Restored Through Christ 228 2. Resurrection for All; Immortality Only for Saints 228 III. “Anonymous”—Consciousness Utterly Ceases in Death 228 1. Death Is “Utter Extinction” of Consciousness 229 2. Flame of Life “Rekindled” at Resurrection 229 3. Jewish Paradise Unsupported by Scripture 229 IV. Physician Scott—Complete Destruction Awaits the Wicked 230 1. Destruction, Not “Never-Ceasing Misery,” for Wicked 231 2. Perpetual Torment Dogma Conflicts With Scripture 231 V. Bishop Law—Entrance Upon Immortality Only Through Resurrection 231 1. Life Not Inherent, but a Gift Through Christ 233 2. Gives Seven Equations of Death 233 3. Resurrection the Climax of Hope of Immortality 233 VI. Cambridge Master Peckard—Man Mortal; Immortality Solely Through Christ 234 1. If Immortality Innate, Christ Not Our “Life” 234 2. Hope of Future Existence Based Solely Upon Christ 235 3. Object of Christ’s Coming to Bring Life 236 VII. Dissenter Bourn—Punishment of Wicked to Be “Total Extinction” 236 1. Dogma of Eternal Torment “Diabolical” 237 2. Punishment Is “Proportionate to Guilt” 237 3. Absolute and “Eternal Destruction” for Wicked 238 4. Everlasting Life Restricted to “Righteous” 238 5. Death of Wicked “Total Extinction of Life” 238 VIII. Lesser Lights Support Testimony of Major Witnesses 239 IX. “Fringe” Writers Complicate the Controversy 241 13. Resurgence of Conditionalism Characterizes Nineteenth Century 247 I. Unprecedented Developments Characterize the New Decades 247 1. Imposing Array of Talent Champions Conditionalism 248 II. Reaction to French Revolution Violence Impels Fresh Bible Study 249 III. Historical Setting for Nineteenth-Century Impetus 250 1. Hundred Books on Eschatology Appear 251 2. Parallel Awakening in Old World and New 251 3. Christendom-wide Resurgence of Premillennialism 252 IV. Little-known Conditionalists Open Witness of Century 253 V. Congregation Splits Over Immortality and Resurrection Issues 255 VI. Wesleyan Watson—Lost Title to Immortality Regained Through Christ 256 1. Sinful Man Lost Title to Immortality 257 2. “Seed” Takes Place of “Tree” as Pledge of Immortality 258 3. Immortality a Gift, Dependent on Giver 258 VII. Baptist Hall—Eternal Torment Not Essential Article of Faith 258 VIII. Bishop Hampden—Brands “Innatism” as Remnant of Scholasticism 259 IX. Taylor—Predicts Unfettered Interpretation of Punishment Will Come 260 X. Archbishop Whately Expressly Rejects Immortal-Soulist Positions 261 1. Deals Major Blow Against “Innatist” Theory 262 2. Philosophy Does Not Establish Immortality 262 3. Jesus the Source and Assurance of Immortality 262 4. No Purgatory and No Second Probation 263 5. “Sleep” the Declared Condition in Death 263 6. Unconscious of Passing Time in Death-Sleep 264 7. No “Interval” Between Death and Resurrection 264 8. Wicked to Be Destroyed, and Cease to Exist 264 14. Belated Appearance of Conditionalism in Colonial America 266 I. Tremendous Shift From Theocratic Puritanism to Advent Expectancy 266

1. Involvements of the Puritan Theocracy 267 2. Rhode Island Becomes Haven for Soul Freedom 268 3. Establishment of Religious Liberty and Bill of Rights 268 4. Religious Revivals Enter the Picture 269 5. Multiple Sources of Religious Liberty Principles 269 6. Resurgence of Eschatology Begins Under Spalding 270 7. Joseph Lathrop Emphasizes Time of the End 271 II. Revulsion Against Calvinist Extremism Led to Universalism 271 III. Edwards—Supreme Exponent of Never-ending Torment 272 1. Excruciating Torments “Never, Never” End 273 2. Never Be Delivered From Excruciating Torment 274 3. Kept in Hell Solely for Endless Suffering 274 IV. Hopkins—Agonies of Damned Add to Joys of Saved 275 1. Suffering of Damned Said to Give Joy to Redeemed 276 2. God’s Grace Magnified by Eternally Burning Hell 276 V. Upsurge of Universalism in Colonial and Early National America 277 1. Universalism Gathers Momentum in Nineteenth Century 277 2. Battle of Books Over Universalism 278 VI. Significance and Result of the Battle of Pens 281 1. Belated Appearance of Conditionalist View 281 2. Comes to Fore in Early Nineteenth Century 282 15. American Conditionalists Begin to Appear 283 I. Bird’s-eye Preview of Far-flung Nineteenth-Century Awakening 283 1. From Grew to Storrs to Advent Movement 284 2. Prominent Accessions Follow Mid-century 284 3. 1877 Marks the New Period of Extension 285 II. Anonymous (1795) Precursor of Conditionalists to Follow 286 III. Bishop White—Mankind Universally Mortal Through Adam 288 1. Obtained Episcopal Orders for Daughter American Church 288 2. Turned Away From Calvin’s Predestinarianism 289 3. Mortality Inherited by All From Adam 290 4. Fall Brought Withdrawal of Privileges 290 IV. Elias Smith—Emphatically Rejects Popular Concept of Hell 291 1. Rejects Popular Concept of Endless Hell 292 2. Five “Hells” of Popular Belief 292 3. Protestant Hell From Pagan Mythology 293 4. Three Alternatives As to Fate of Wicked 293 5. Indefeasible Immortality Derived From Platonism 294 6. Alerted by Book on “Destructionism” 294 V. Sellon—Impelled to Declare Conditionalist Convictions 295 1. Punishment Would Not Exceed Sentence 295 2. Gehenna Denotes “Total and Utter Destruction” 296 3. Souls of Unbelievers Are Not Immortal 296 4. Sinner Free to Choose Destruction Rather Than Life 297 5. Eternal Torture Inconsistent With God’s Character 297 6. Eternal Torment Not Scriptural, Therefore False 297 7. Gehenna Total Destruction After Death 298 8. Fire Indicates Total Consumption, Not Eternal Torture 298 9. Eternal Torture Is “Invention of Man” 299 10. Four Falsehoods Involved in Eternal Torment 299 16. “Deacon” Grew-George Storrs Line of Transmission 300 I. “Deacon” Grew—Brings Conditionalism to George Storrs 300 1. Relinquishes Pastoral Post Because of Convictions 300 2. Unique Relationship to American Conditionalism 301 II. Essence of Grew’s “Intermediate State” Tract 302 1. Soul Not Capable of Separate Conscious Existence 302 2. “Unconsciousness” Marks Period Between Death and Resurrection 303 3. All Future Existence Depends on Resurrection 303 4. “Future Felicity” Begins at Second Advent 303 III. Gist of “Future Punishment, Not Eternal Life in Misery” Tract 304 1. No “Immortal or Deathless Spirits” 304 2. Second Death Not “Interminable Miserable Existence” 305 IV. Storrs—Introduces Conditionalism Into Second Advent Movement 305 1. Becomes a Conditionalist After Three Years’ Study 306 2. Origin of the Famous “Six Sermons” 307 V. Digest of Storrs’s Famous “Six Sermons” 308 1. Indefeasible Immortality Involves Eternal Suffering 308 2. Supposed “Indestructibility” of Soul Is Pure Assumption 309 3. Death Is Total Deprivation of Life 309 4. Perishing Is Ceasing to Exist 310 5. Death Is “Extinction of Conscious Being” 311 6. Fathers Mingled Philosophy With Words 311 7. Immortal-Soulism Derived From Platonism 311 8. No Evidence of “Eternal Sin and Suffering” 312 VI. Fitch—Storrs’s First Ministerial Convert to Conditionalism 313 1. Adds Conditionalism to Second Advent Emphasis 313

VII. French—Death an Unconscious State Until Resurrection 314 1. All Dead in Unconscious State Until Advent 314 17. White—Creates New Epoch of Understanding 316 I. Mid-century Begins Attainment of New Stature and Standing 316 1. Credit Must Be Given to Edward White 316 2. Pulpiteers and Scholars Give Momentum 317 II. Foster—Renounced Dogma of Eternal Torment of Wicked 318 1. Rejected Doctrine of Eternal Torment Half Century Prior 318 2. Endless Torment a “Slander” Against God 319 3. Unable to Reconcile Endless Torment With God’s Love 320 III. Dobney—Explicitly Maintains Conditionalist Position 320 1. Sinners Will Not Live Forever 321 2. Saints Do Not Go to Heaven at Death 321 3. Immortality Not Provable From Reason 321 IV. Edward White—Pre-eminent Champion of Conditionalism 322 1. Troubled in Twenties Over Nature of Man 323 2. Persuaded of Conditionalism by Fontaine 324 3. Seven-Year Search Results in Clear Convictions 325 4. First Book (1846) Creates Storm of Indignation 325 5. Builds Constituency of Friendship From Hawley Road 327 6. Honored With Chairmanship of Congregational Union 328 7. First Conditionalist Conference in Christian History 329 8. Made Chairman of Congregational Union of Britain 329 9. Honored as Pre-eminent Champion of Conditionalism 330 10. Re-affirmation of Truth and Repudiation of Error 331 11. Shifted Emphasis From Negative to Positive 332 V. Presents Positive Conditionalism to World Successfully 332 1. Larger Significance of Conditionalism 334 VI. Dunn—Doctrine of Eternal Torment Not in Scripture 335 18. Constable’s Pre-eminent British Contribution 337 I. Outstanding Champion of Conditional Immortality 337 1. His Conditionalist Books Become Standard 338 2. Conditionalism Augments Every Basic Doctrine 339 II. Masterful Portrayal of Historical Trilemma (Three Conflicting Positions) 339 1. Innate Immortality + Eternal Punishing = Eternal Misery 340 2. Eternal Death of Wicked Involves Ultimate Nonexistence 341 3. Original Sentence Involved Loss of Existence 341 4. Priceless Tabulation of Greek Terms Used 342 5. Opposing Positions Tabulated and Illustrated 342 6. Scripture Negates Both Eternal Tormentism and Universalism 342 7. Scripture Asserts Utter Extinction of Evil 343 8. Challenges Opponents to Controvert View 343 9. Cites Justin Martyr and Irenaeus as Conditionalists 344 10. Tertullian Builds on Athenagoras’ Foundation 344 11. Led to “Forced” Interpretation of Scripture 345 12. Origen Converts Hell Into “Vast Purgatory” 345 13. Purification of the “Indestructible” Sinner 346 14. Spiritualized Scripture to Support Platonism 346 15. Eternity of Evil Counters Bible Testimony 346 16. Error’s Fatal Gap of Two Centuries 347 III. Companion Volume Becomes Conditionalist Classic 347 1. Genesis on True Relation of Body and Soul 348 2. Man Is One Person, Not Two 348 3. Relation of Breath of Life to Immortality 349 4. Distinction Between Soul and Spirit 350 5. Soul Does Not Survive the Body 350 6. Gravedom: State of Profound Unconscious Sleep 351 7. Death Eternal, Except for Resurrection 351 8. No Perception of Time in Death Sleep 352 9. Time Annihilated to Those Who Sleep 352 10. Early Epitaphs Attest “Sleep,” Awaiting Resurrection 353 11. “Apostolic Fathers” Were Conditionalists 353 19. Various Scholars Augment Conditionalist Appeal 355 I. Bishop Perowne—Scholarly Advocate of Conditionalism 355 1. We Are But “Candidates for Immortality” 356 II. Thom—Innate Immortality Inference “Falls to the Ground” 356 1. Death of the Soul Inevitable 356 III. Tinling—”Promise of Life” Through Christ Alone 357 1. Accepted Conditionalism From Bible Alone 357 2. Eternal Torment a “Stumbling-Block” to World 358 3. Based Upon Assumptions and Assertions 359 4. Ethnic Religions Taught Ultimate Loss of Personality 359 5. Not Left in Ignorance for 4,000 Years 359 6. No More “Immortal” Than Omnipotent, Omniscient, or Omnipresent 360 7. Eternal Life Through Christ Alone 361 8. Everything Depends on Immortality Through Christ 363

IV. Tomlinson—Takes Issue With Bishop of Liverpool 363 1. Challenges Bishop’s Position on Eternal Torment 364 2. Invokes Bible and Cites Bishop Porteus 365 3. The Soul “Not Immortal in Itself” 365 4. “Quotes” Illustrating Line of Thought 366 5. Protests Alteration of Word and Intent 366 6. Cites Similar “Bible Standard” Criticism 366 7. Supreme Conditionalist Is Jesus Christ 367 8. Fishing in Same Boat With Rome 367 9. Admonition: Beware of Johoiakim’s Penknife Technique 368 V. Canon Row—Powerful Strokes Against Eternal-Tormentism 368 1. Athanasian Creed Statement Is Indefinite 369 2. Philosophy Does Not Prove Immortality of Man 369 3. Genesis Narrative Favors Conditionalist “Theory” 370 4. Resurrection, Not Innate Immortality 370 5. New Testament Symbols Indicate Ultimate Destruction 371 6. The Twofold Premise of Conditionalism 371 7. No Creature Has Inherent Endless Existence 371 8. “Universal Acceptance” Theory Simply Not True 372 VI. Canon Aitken—Champions Conditionalism for Quarter Century 372 1. Eternal Destruction a State, Not a Process 374 2. Word and Work Closes Columns to Him 375 3. Four Questions Propounded by Aitken 375 4. No “Infinite Penalty” for “Finite Sin” 376 5. Many Pulpits Sealed Against Him 376 6. Church Parochial Mission Society Continues to Use Him 376 7. No Eternal Torment for Brief Earthly Life 377 8. Death the Forfeiture of Eternal Life 377 20. Periodical Discussion and Pulpit Publicity 379 I. Bishop Courtenay—Wicked End in “Total Cessation of Being” 379 II. Leask—Editor of Conditionalist Journal The Rainbow 380 1. The Rainbow Rides Out Terrific Storm of Criticism 381 2. Helps Form Conditional Immortality Association 382 III. Maude—Epochal Rainbow Article Creates Crisis 383 1. Steps in Adoption of Conditionalism 383 2. Conditionalist Article Stirs Public Opinion 384 3. Three Major Contentions of Article 385 4. Christianity Early Poisoned by Platonism 386 5. Goes Back to Conflicting Declarations of Eden 386 6. Full Testimony of Scripture Alone Determinative 387 7. Three Distinct Classes of Passages 388 8. Fundamental Fallacy of Universal Salvation 388 9. Eternal Suffering Involves Character of God 389 IV. Minton—Helps Lift “Life in Christ” From Obscurity 389 1. Approval and Condemnation for Espousing Conditionalism 390 2. First Speaker at 1876 Conference on Conditionalism 390 V. Dale—Conditionalism Makes Christian Fundamentals Invulnerable 391 1. Highest Honor Within Gift of Congregationalism 393 2. Public Stand on Conditionalism in 1873 393 3. Conditionalism Strengthens Fundamentals of Faith 394 VI. Anglican Test Case of Wilson vs. Fendall Decided in 1864 394 1. Acquittal Comes at Height of Controversy 395 2. Discussion Grows in Intensity 396 3. The Stage Set for Further Events 397 VII. Darby—“Immortality of Soul” Comes From Platonism 397 1. Earliest Statement: “No Source in Gospel” 398 2. Position Modified in Later Edition 398 3. No Immortal Sinners in Divine Plan 399 4. Historical Note From The Bible Echo 399 VIII. Christadelphians—Likewise Adhere to Main Conditionalist Positions 399 1. Name Christadelphian Substituted for Christian 400 2. Epitome of Christadelphian Conditionalist Beliefs 400 3. Positions Unchanged in Current Writings 401 21. Farrar—Westminster Sermon Precipitates Crisis 404 I. Dean Farrar—Dramatically Repudiates “Dogma of Eternal Torment” 404 1. Repudiation Voiced in Abbey, on November 11, 1877 405 2. Expected Condemnation, but Received Widespread Approval 406 3. Widespread Publicity Followed by Concentrated Attack 407 II. Farrar’s Written Record of His Tremendous Researches 408 1. Scriptures Absolutely Silent on “Eternal Torture” 408 2. Dark Shadow of Augustine Falls on Medieval Theology 408 3. Deplores Specious Arguments for Endless Torment 409 4. Condemns Misuse of Texts Out of Context 409 5. Old Testament Jews Never Taught “Endless Torment” 409 6. Conditionalist Contentions Confirm Personal Views 410 7. Invokes Witness of German Scholars 410

8. Alexandrian Fathers Molded by Plato and Philo 411 9. Literal Interpretation Leads to Extinctionist View 411 III. Missionary Impey—Resignation From Methodist Ministry 412 1. Annual Declaration of Conformity Required 412 2. Resigns Over “Eternal Torment” Stipulation 413 3. Takes Stand in Noble Line of Dissentients 413 4. Restudy Touched Off by Farrar Repudiation 414 5. Punishment “Everlasting” Because “Final and Irreversible” 414 6. Takes Stand, With “So Help Me God” 415 7. Categorical Answers Required of Impey 415 8. Resigns Because Cannot Pledge “Silence” 415 9. Forty Years of Unbroken Service Ends 416 IV. Strang—Virile Conditionalist Editor and Scottish Polemicist 417 The Messenger a Reflector of Turbulent Times 418 May, 1878: Agitation Widespread 418 June, 1879: Macrae Deposed 418 January, 1883: Two Ministers Expelled 418 January, 1884: H. H. Dobney Lauded 419 June, 1884: Removal of Dublin Minister 419 May, 1884: Laudation of George Storrs 419 August, 1884: Typical Conference Reported 420 V. Thorough Investigation Leads to Strong Personal Convictions 420 1. Immortality of the Soul the Parent Error 420 2. Platonism Adopted Because of Immortal-Soulism 421 3. Philosophy Triumphs Over Pure Doctrine 421 4. Development of Conflicting but Paralleling Schools 422 VI. Laing—Effective Scottish Advocate of Conditionalism 422 1. Steps in Becoming a Conditionalist 423 2. Does Not Possess Separate Immortal Soul 424 VII. Ham—Bible Excludes Notion of Independent Immortality 425 1. Immortality Solely for Believer in Christ 425 2. Innate Immortality Counter to Inspiration 426 22. Periodicals Reflect Conflict and Advance 427 I. Bible Echo—Panoramic Portrayal of Conditionalist Advances 427 1. Bible Yields No Support for “Innatism” 427 2. Abundant Testimony Merits a “Verdict” 428 3. Address Challenged, and Conditionalist Accession 429 4. Dale Declaration Received With “Plaudits” 429 5. Swiss Minister Questioned but Approved 430 6. Dr. Dale’s Declaration of Faith 431 7. Dale Declaration Attacked by Christian World 432 8. Christian World Attack Challenged by Echo 432 9. Great Conditionalist Meeting in Chelsea 433 10. White on Conditionalist Twenty-three-Year Spread 434 11. Protests, Accessions, Repudiation, Advance 435 12. Numerous Tokens of Progress 435 13. L100-Offer for Missing Text 436 14. Multiple Provisions of “Life” Enshrined in Christ 436 15. Summarizing Statement on Conditionalism 437 II. Homiletic Monthly’s “Clerical Symposium on Immortality” 438 1. Stokes’s Strong Case for Conditionalism 438 2. White: Widespread Contemporary Revival of Conditionalism 440 3. Host of Contemporary Conditionalists Merit Hearing 441 III. Active Discussion in Leading Periodicals in 1878-1879 442 1. Dr. Dale Reaffirms Conditional Immortality Position 442 2. Contemporary Review Airs All Views 443 3. Symposiums Appear in Various Journals 443 IV. Denniston—Jamaican Frontier Conditionalist 443 1. Apologist for Primitive Gospel in Materialistic Age 444 2. Endless Suffering Is “Intolerably Oppressive” 445 3. Man Lost Immortality Through “Fall” 446 4. Destruction Both a “Process” and a “Termination” 446 5. Witness of Early Centuries to Conditionalism 446 V. Binney—In Maturity Repudiates Eternal Torment Thesis 447 VI. Westcott—Innate Immortality “Wholly Insufficient” 449 VII. Rotherham—Immortality Is “Contingent and Dependent” 449 23. Conditionalist Association and Extension Library 451 I. Conditional Immortality Association Formed in 1878 451 1. Lincoln Conference (Sept. 23-26, 1878) 454 2. Maberly Conference, London (Sept. 2-4, 1879) 455 3. Liverpool Conference (Sept. 7-9, 1880) 455 4. Bradford Conference (Sept. 6-8, 1881) 455 5. Salisbury Conference (Aug. 30-Sept. 1. 1882) 455 6. Eastbourne Conference (Sept. 4-6, 1883) 456 7. Glasgow Conference (Aug. 31-Sept. 2, 1884) 456

8. Second London Conference (Sept. 1-3, 1885) 456 9. Edinburgh Conference (Sept. 7-9. 1886) 457 10. Birmingham Conference (Sept. 6-8, 1887) 457 11. Second Lincoln Conference (Sept. 2-6, 1888) 457 12. Dartmouth Conference (Sept. 1-5. 1889) 457 13. Bacup Conference (Sept. 1-4, 1891) 457 14. Faith Fellowship Founded in 1894 458 15. Fifty Years of the Association-Mission (1878-1928) 458 II. Remarkable Conditionalist Faith Library Exerts Widespread Influence 459 1. Samplings of Titles and Writers 459 2. Comprehensive Extract From Little-known Writer 460 3. Historical Recitals Highly Helpful 461 4. Bible Argument Presented by Expert 461 5. Defense of Conditionalist Position and Array of Evidence 462 III. Conditionalism Expounded; and Challenged by Methodism 463 1. Silencing of Dr. Beet by Methodist Conference Action 464 2. Perplexing to British Weekly Editor 465 IV. Volume III—New Voices Add Strength and Significance 465 1. Dr. Clarke Summons Succession of Able Witnesses 466 2. Soul Is Capable of “Being Made Immortal” 467 3. Baptist Missionary to China Testifies 467 4. Engineer, Editor, and Vicar on Ultimate Destruction 467 5. L1000 Offer Repeated by Clarke for Missing Text 468 24. New World Voices Match Old World Witnesses 469 I. Moncrieff—Scottish-Canadian Voice Champions Conditionalism 469 1. Pioneer of Conditionalism in Scotland 470 2. Transfers to Canada; Issues Able Book 471 3. Wicked Return to Nonexistence 471 4. Departs From Conscious Existence 472 5. Endless Torment Makes “Mockery of Truth” 472 6. Second Death Is Final Destruction 473 7. All the Godless Reduced to Ashes 473 II. Blain—Devastating Blow Against Eternal-Torment Innovation 474 1. Appeals to Learned and to Prejudiced 474 2. Cannot Stand Before Light of Word 475 3. Sevenfold Scope of Book 475 4. Innate Immortality but Human Assumption 476 5. Analysis of Twenty “Destruction” Terms 476 6. No Doctrine Settled by Parables and Symbols 477 7. Popular Contentions Vitiate Bible Texts 478 III. Hudson—Lifts Conditionalism to Scholarly Level of Discussion 479 1. Adoption of Conditionalism Brings Loss of Pastorate 479 2. Scholarly Works Force Respectful Hearing 480 3. Believed Himself Called to Allotted Task 481 4. Penetrates to Heart of Issue 482 IV. Produces the American Conditionalist Classic 482 1. Divine Justice, and Man’s Free Moral Agency 483 2. Innate Immortality Not Taught or Implied in Scripture 483 3. Bible Meaning of “Second Death” 483 4. “Detention” Between Death and Resurrection 484 5. Accurate Handling of Historical Side 484 6. Masterful Survey of Witness of Centuries 485 7. Conditionalism the Coordinated Portrayal of Scripture 486 V. Abbot—Creator of Indispensable Aid for Evaluating Conditionalism 486 1. Bible Transcendent in All Doctrinal Issues 487 2. Matchless Bibliography Serves as Incomparable Check List 488 VI. Physician Ives—Man Mortal: Dead Asleep; Wicked Destroyed 489 1. How His Book Came to Be Written 490 2. Scripture Spiritualized to Sustain Immortal-Soulism 490 3. “Soul” Is “Entire Man” as “Complete Being” 491 4. Immortality Conferred on “Righteous Alone” 491 5. Fate of Wicked Is Death, Not Eternal Misery 492 6. Recapitulation: “Unconscious Sleep”; “Loss of Existence” 492 VII. Additional Features in Enlarged American Edition 492 1. “Innate Immortality” Derived From Plato— 493 2. “Unconscious” of Passing of Time in Death 493 3. Use of Protested Term “Annihilation” 493 4. Ives’s Appeal to the Clergy 493 5. Supplemental Word to Laymen 494 25. Representative Literature Matched by Able Pulpiteers 495 I. Pettingell—Major American Writer on Conditionalism in 1880’s 495 1. Gradual Change From Ostracism to Acceptance 496 II. Able Coverage of Historical, Philosophical, and Biblical Evidence 497 1. Contrasting Pages of Conflicting Schools’ Excerpts 498 2. Conflicting Views of the Opposing Schools 499

3. Introduction of Greek Platonism and Persian Dualism 500 4. Historical Tracement of “Deathless Nature” Concept 500 5. Origin and Transmission of “Deathless Nature” Theory 500 6. Three Conflicting Schools Tabulated 501 7. Arrested Reformation and Analogical Fallacies 501 8. Second Life Does Not Exclude Second Death 502 9. New Meanings Placed on Old Terms 502 10. Man Not Independently Existent 502 11. Death Is Utter Extinguishing of Life 503 12. Eternal Life Is Peculiar Glory of Christ 503 13. Two Classes and Two Destinies 504 14. First Life Transitory: Second Life Eternal 504 15. Overthrow and Abolishment of All Evil 505 III. Life Everlasting Appends “Symposium” With Twenty-one Participants 505 1. Platonism Penetrates Christianity; Both Are Modified 506 2. Contrast Between Platonism and Revelation 506 3. Paul’s Warning Unheeded, Resultant Apostasy Subverts 507 4. Reformation Failed to Repudiate Immortal-Soulism 507 IV. Henry Ward Beecher—Finally Repudiates Dogma of Eternal Torment 508 V. Lyman Abbott—Denies Innate Immortality and Eternal Torment 509 1. Rejects Both Universalism and Eternal Tormentism 509 2. Repudiates Pagan Teachings on Fate of Wicked 510 3. God Never Saves Soul Against Its Will 510 4. Popular Theology Ignores Whole Set of Texts 511 5. Misconstrues Original Intent and Use 511 VI. Harriet Beecher Stowe—Famous Author in Revolt 512 1. Harriet’s Essay on “Immortality” When Only Eleven 512 2. In Agony Over Involvements of Calvinism 513 3. Continuing Struggle Over Eternal Torment Problems 514 VII. Agnostic Ingersoll—Embittered by Eternal Torment Dogma 514 26. Spokesmen of Various Faiths Augment Chorus 516 I. Hendrickson—Truth of “Life in Christ” Unlocks “Hidden Mystery” 516 1. Conditionalist Position Gives New Grandeur to Preaching 516 2. The “Soul” Not a Separate Conscious Entity 517 3. Like “Rosetta Stone.” Resolves Hidden Mysteries 517 II. Professor Butler—Cloud Rolled Away From Face of God 518 1. Disillusioned by Fiendish “Portrays” in Rome 518 2. Found Elimination Only Enhanced Gospel System 519 III. Professor Bacon—Immortality “Conditional Upon the Act of God” 520 1. Immortality Is Conferred, Not Inherent 521 2. Rejects Eternal Torment and Innate Immortality 521 3. Indestructibility of Soul From Platonic Philosophy 521 4. Immortality a Gift, and Conditional 521 IV. Wilson—Eternal Life Only for Those “In Christ” 522 1. The Unanswerable Question—Why? 523 2. God Is Not a “Malignant Fiend” 523 3. Desperate Involvements of the Dogma 524 V. Hart—Goes to Very Heart of Provision of Immortality 524 1. Immortality Centers in Person of Christ 525 2. Theologians Start From Wrong Assumption Regarding Immortality 525 3. Deity, Incarnation, and Resurrection Are Basic 526 4. Paul’s Emphasis on Grace, Atonement, Life 526 5. The Ultimate Destruction of All Evil 527 6. Weigh the Two Systems—Choose the True 527 VI. Independent Kramer—Immortality Only for Believers in Christ 528 VII. Bishop Mann—Brilliant Midwest Champion of Conditionalism 529 1. Continuous Line of Dissenters Against Eternal Torment 529 2. Anglican Articles Contrasted With Other Catechisms 530 3. Restoration Unsupported by Scripture 530 4. If Soul Not Immortal, Eternal Torment Theory Collapses 531 5. Cogent Reasons Against Eternal Torment 532 6. Defends Position of Ultimate, Absolute “Destruction” 533 7. Pagan Religions Did Not Teach Immortality of Personality 533 8. Eternal Existence Only by God’s Permission 534 9. Immortality of Soul Not Taught in Bible 534 VIII. Baker—Man Not Inherently Immortal; Wicked Will Perish 535 1. Man “Not Inherently Immortal” 535 2. Eternal Life for Saints; Total Destruction for Sinners 536 3. Destruction Involves Dissolution of Elements 536 4. Three Conflicting Schools; One Is Right 536 27. Prominent Names Added to Conditionalist Roster 540 I. Time Due for Restudy and Settlement of Issues 540 1. Reformers Left “Middle State” for Present Consideration 540 II. Rector Huntington—Outspoken Champion of Conditional Immortality 542 1. Huntington Influenced by White and Hudson 544 2. Conditionalist Views Reaffirmed at Close of Life 544

3. Immortality a Gift Bestowed on Seekers 545 4. Ultimate and Utter Destruction of Wicked 545 5. Conditionalism Implicit in Anglican Formularies 546 6. Life Only in Christ in Prayer Book and Collects 546 7. Christ Opened “Gate of Everlasting Life” 547 III. Boardman—Innate Immortality Negates Resurrection 547 1. Natural Immortality Not Taught in Bible 548 2. Man Not Naturally or Inherently Immortal 549 3. Immortality Tied In With Tree of Life 550 4. Pagan Dualism Retained in Christian Theology 550 5. Analogies From Nature Are Deceptive 550 6. Innate Immortality a Denial of Life as Christ’s Gift 550 7. The Touchstone of Christianity Itself 551 8. Give Inspired Information About the Hereafter 551 9. Obligation of the Christian Ministry 552 10. Summarizing Excerpts on Conditionalism 552 IV. Phelps—Sweeping Portrayal of “Immortal Soul” Issues 552 1. Immortality of Soul “Has a Bad History” 553 2. “Heathen Philosophy” Becomes Predominant 554 3. “Jewish Belief” Corrupted by Association 554 4. “Christian Compromise Effected Slowly 554 5. “Papal Decree” Formally Officializes Dogma 555 6. “At Variance” With “Scriptural Account of Man’s Creation” 555 7. “Clashes” With “Bible Statement of Man’s Fall” 555 8. “Opposed” to “Scriptural Doctrine of Death” 555 9. “Equally Opposed” to “Physiological Facts” 556 10. “Immortality Nowhere Ascribed to Man’s “Present State” 556 11. “Blessing to Be Sought“: Not “Birthright Legacy” 557 12. “Inherent Immortality” Opposed to “Scripture Doom of Wicked” 557 13. “Supersedes Necessity for a Resurrection” 557 14. “Reduces the Judgment” to “Solemn Farce” 557 15. “Subverts” Bible Doctrine of Second Advent 558 16. Theory Is “Prolific Source” of “Error” 558 V. Gordon—Natural Immortality Substituted for Resurrection 558 1. Death Injected as the Object of Hope 560 2. Sexton’s Bell Has Supplanted Angel’s Trump 560 3. Premillennialism Discredited Under Roman Apostasy 561 4. Significant Address on “Recurrence of Doctrine 562 5. Eschatology to Be Final Battleground 563 6. Death Substituted for Second Advent 563 7. Resurrection “Broken From Its Biblical Moorings” 564 8. Forsaken Doctrines to Be Revived 564 28. Various Facets of Conditionalist Gem Presented 566 I. High Scholastic Caliber of Representative Conditionalists 566 II. Oliphant—Publicly Professes Conditionalism at Installation 567 1. Potentially, Not Innately, Immortal 568 2. Death Means Dissolution and Destruction 568 3. Probation Confined to This Life 569 4. Christ’s Resurrection Is Seal of Immortality 570 5. Rejects “Innate Immortality” and “Eternal Torment” 570 6. Denies “Indestructibility of the Soul” 570 7. Honors “Justice of God” and “Freedom of Man” 571 8. Conclusion Involves Rejection of Eternal Torment 571 9. Soul to Suffer, Then to Cease 571 10. Protests Term “Annihilation” as Misleading 571 11. After “Disorganization” Man Ceases 572 III. Episcopal Bishop Hopkins—Denies Eternal Torment Contention 572 IV. Parkhurst—Seeks Insurance Against Eventual Obliteration 573 V. Moomaw—Life Only in Christ; Total Destruction Without 574 1. Life of Soul Is Not Self-sustaining 575 2. Second Death Annihilates Body and Soul 575 VI. Edward Beecher—Scholarly Repudiator of Eternal Torment 576 1. Restudy of Eschatology Essential and Due 577 2. Penetration of Persian-Grecian Influence Into Jewry 578 3. Penetration of Conditionalism Into Christian Church 579 4. “Enoch’s” Theory of Culpability of Fallen Angels 579 5. Jewish Centers: Babylon, Alexandria, Palestine 580 6. Eternal Tormentism Becomes Authoritarian Under Justinian 580 7. Justin, Irenaeus, Arnobius, Hold to “Annihilation” 581 8. Origen’s Restorationism Condemned Under Justinian 582 9. African Tertullian-Augustinian School of Endless Torment 583 10. Repudiation of Eternal Torment Only Matter of Time 583 VII. Conditionalism Makes Increasing Friends Among Clergy 584 29. Transcends Language Lines and Overleaps National Boundaries 586 I. Olshausen—Immortality of Soul Theory Unknown to Scripture 586 1. Innate Immortality Utterly Foreign to Bible 586

II. Nitzsch—Have Only Contingent Immortality; May Cease 587 1. Perpetual Existence of Damned Not Biblical 587 2. No “Perpetual Existence” of Damned 588 III. Schultz—Immortality Contingent; Destruction to Be Total 588 1. Everlasting Life Only in God 588 2. Sinful Man Has Only “Transient” Life 589 3. Immortal Life Gained Solely From Christ 589 4. Total Destruction for the Reprobate 589 5. Convinced of Soundness of View in Retrospect 590 IV. High Lights of Dr. Schultz’s “Immortality” Treatise of 1861 590 1. Absolute Immortality Is Possession of God Alone 590 2. Innate Immortality Not Possessed by Any Creature 591 3. Mere Creation Did Not Assure Indestructibility 591 4. To Acquire Immortality Through Second Creation 592 5. Immortality for Man Possible Through Christ 592 6. “Second Death” Involves “Death Absolute” 592 V. Rothe—Suffering Ends in Extinction of the Wicked 593 1. Principal Conditionalist Advocate in Germany 593 2. Immortality Acquired: Personality of Wicked Extinguished 594 3. Sense of Aionios Is Restricted 594 4. Idea of Annihilation Is Involved 595 VI. Dorner—Destructionist Theory Gaining in Approval 595 VII. Other German Scholars Support Conditionalist View 596 VIII. Vinet—“I Do Not Believe in the Immortality of the Soul” 597 IX. Secretan—Rejects Both Eternal Torment and Universalism 598 1. No Infinite Punishment for a Finite Fault 598 2. No Impassable Barrier for Divine Power 599 3. Fatal Weakness of Universal Restoration 599 4. Predestined Candidate for Conditionalism 599 5. Annihilation Is Logical Consequence of Fall 600 X. Sabatier—Not All Are Immortal; Some Head for Dissolution 600 1. Denies Universal Innate Immortality 600 2. Death Involves Loss of Personality 600 XI. Philosopher De May—Soul Only Conditionally Immortal; Can Perish 601 30. Masterful Swiss and Belgian Voices Speak 602 I. Petavel—Greatest Conditionalist Treatise in French 602 1. Unique Introduction to Fellow Conditionalist White 603 2. Impelled to Declare Conditionalist Belief Publicly 604 3. University Lectures Stress Positive Side of Conditionalism 604 4. Constitutes Unifying Harmonious System 605 II. Five General Observations on Petavel’s Work 606 1. Masterful Knowledge of Conditionalist Literature 606 2. Masterful Grasp of Biblical Evidence 606 3. Clarification of Moral and Philosophical Issues 607 4. Remarkable Grasp of Philosophical and Historical Evidence 607 5. Consummation of Conditionalist Investigation 608 III. Petavel’s Masterful Presentation of Case for Conditionalism 609 1. Purpose: To Defend Doctrine of “Attainable Immortality” 609 2. “Conspiracy of Silence” Now Broken 610 3. Conditionalists Not “Innovators” but Continuators 610 4. Experimental Science Yields No Support for Innatism 611 5. In Death the Individual Ceases to Exist 611 6. Challenges Contention of “Universal Consent” 612 7. Platonism Contained Principle of Pantheism 612 8. Individualist Immortality Involves Godship 612 9. Platonism Only a “Hope,” Not “Demonstrated Truth” 613 10. Fundamental Intent of “Life” and “Death” 613 11. Creator Provided Conditional Not Inalienable Immortality 614 12. Innatism Penetrates Jewry Through Alexandria 614 13. Kabbalah Introduces “‘Emanation” and “Dualism” 615 14. Eternity of Life and of Nonexistence 615 15. Immortality Only Through Christ 616 16. Symbols of Immortality Perverted by Apostasy 617 17. Death: Final Extinction of All Faculties 617 18. Conditionalism Among Apostolic and Apologist Fathers 618 19. Compulsory Immortality in Eternal Hell 618 20. Revival of Conditionalism in Nineteenth Century 619 21. Universalism’s Fundamental Fallacy Revealed 619 22. Advantages and Superiority of Conditionalism 620 23. Multiple Excellencies of Bible Conditionalism 620 24. Fighting for Great but Still-misunderstood Truth 621 IV. Frederick Ash Freer—Stalwart Supporter of White and Petavel 621 1. Makes Major Contributions to Conditionalist Cause 622 2. A Synthesis of the Freer Contribution 623 V. Byse—First Advocate of Conditionalism in French Journals 625 31. Famous Premier, Pastor, and Scientist Testify 627

I. Gladstone—Immortal-Soulism Entered Church Through “Back Door” 627 Writings Include Question of Future Life 629 1. Variant Views Held in Early Christian Era 630 2. “Inherent” Immortality Not Ascendant Till Origen 631 3. “Wholesale” Acceptance by Time of Middle Ages 632 4. Immortal-Soulism Springs From Plato 632 5. Led Inevitably to “Eternal Torment” of Damned ., 633 6. Eternal Torment Dogma Established Through Augustine 633 7. Crept Into Church by “Back Door” 634 8. Immortal-Soulism “Wholly Unknown” to Scripture 635 9. “Philosophical Speculations” Disguised as Divine Revelation 635 10. Gladstone’s Definitive Description of “Conditionalism” 635 11. Gladstone’s Considered Conclusions in Summation 636 II. Joseph Parker—Outspoken “Conditionalist” and “Destructionist” 638 1. Optional: Receive Immortality or Choose Destruction 639 2. Evil Ends in “Utter, Final, Everlasting Extinction” 640 3. Indefeasible Immortality Is Palpably Absurd 640 4. Sodom an Example of “Everlasting Destruction” 640 III. Stokes—Man Not Innately Immortal; Only Through Redemption 641 1. Public Denial of Innate Immortality 641 2. Source of Immortality and the Intermediate State 642 3. Man Not Immortal Merely by Creation 642 4. Unfitted for Immortality, Christ Provides Remedy 643 5. Endowment With Immortality Only Through Redemption 644 6. Any “Natural Immortality” Forfeited Through Transgression 644 7. No Consciousness of Time in Intermediate State 644 8. Popular Theology Sets Aside Biblical Declarations 645 9. Assurance of Immortality Only in Christ 645 32. Paralleling Second Advent and Conditionalist Movements Merge 646 I. Two World Movements—Neither Complete in Itself 646 1. Advent Movement Omits Man’s Nature and Destiny 646 2. Movements Parallel but Do Not Merge 647 II. Relationships of the Two Major Adventist Bodies 647 1. Conditionalism Established in Advent Christian Church 647 2. Advent Christian Church Established in 1861 648 3. Main Adventist Groups Both Champion Conditionalism 649 III. World in Ferment in Mid-century Decades 651 1. Revolutionary World Developments Form Setting 651 2. Developments in Realm of Religion and Science 651 3. Mystical Studies Led to Subtle Speculation 651 4. Diversionary Perils Beset Basic Christian Faith 652 5. Eschatology Receives Setback From Evolution Theory 652 6. Theology Trilemma Again Ascendant in Nineteenth Century 653 7. Conditionalism’s Role in Theological Discussion 654 IV. Hastings—Virile American Exponent of Conditionalism 654 V. Grant—Conditionalist Debator, Editor, and Evangelist 655 1. Remarkable Assemblance of Documented Key Statements 656 VI. Taylor—Thumbnail History of Rejecters of Innate Immortality 657 1. First the Early Church, Then the Medieval Witness 657 2. Reformation and Post-Reformation Champions 658 3. The Great Nineteenth-Century Expansion 658 VII. Whitmore—Writes in Standard Conditionalist Pattern 659 1. Outline Follows Now-Standard Pattern 659 VIII. Wellcome—Publisher of Conditionalist Literature 660 IX. Piper—Popular Historical Sketch of Conditionalism’s Vicissitudes 661 X. Himes—In Later Life Espouses Conditionalism 662 XI. Nonevangelical “Jehovah’s Witnesses” Also Adopt Conditionalism 663 1. Rise and Organized Activities of the “Russellites” 664 2. Astonishing Publishing and Distribution Achievements 665 3. Beliefs as to Nature and Destiny of Man 666 33. Emergence of Seventh-day Adventists as Conditionalists 668 I. Underlying Reasons for Adventist Conditionalist Belief 668 1. Repudiation of Papal Perversions Imperative 668 2. Historical Setting and Motivation for Their Beliefs 669 II. Progressive Development of Fundamental Beliefs 669 1. Conferences Result in Unified Movement 669 2. Eschatology’s Part in the Development 670 3. Fundamental Beliefs Crystallized in “Manual” 670 III. James White—Organizational Leader Committed to Conditionalism 671 1. Word to the “Little Flock” Clearly Conditionalist 673 IV. Bates—With Conditionalist Background Supports Position 675 1. Clear Concepts in Earliest Adventist Tracts 675 2. Conditionalist Understanding Safeguards Against Spiritualism 676 V. Ellen Harmon—Accepts Conditionalist View in 1843 676 1. Mother Persuaded Soul Not Immortal 677 2. Soundness of Conditionalist View Apparent 678

VI. Andrews—Scholarly Writings Include Conditionalism 679 1. Eight Guiding Principles in Establishing Doctrinal Platform 679 VII. Canright—Able Compiler of Scholarly Findings 680 1. Gist of the Argument at a Glance 681 2. Two Popular Misconceptions Countered 681 3. Majority Never Accepted Platonism Contemporarily 682 4. A Summing Up of the Evidence 682 5. Earliest Hope Through Reliving of Body 683 6. Plato First Distinctly Taught Immortal-Soulism 684 7. Received Into Church Through Alexandrian School 684 8. Immortal-Soulism Not Held by “Apostolic Fathers” 684 9. Line of Ante-Nicene Fathers Held “Sleep” of Dead 685 10. Conditionalists From Luther to 1800 686 11. Modern Revolt Against the Traditional Positions 687 12. Canright Never Repudiated Scholarly Positions of Centuries 687 VIII. Smith—Presents Case for Conditionalism for Seventh-day Adventists 688 1. Not an Originator but a Perpetuator 689 IX. Examines Biblical Evidence for Conditionalism 690 1. Increasing Strength of Conditionalist Adherents 690 2. Bible Silent on Possession of “Undying Nature” 690 3. “Image of God” Does Not Involve Immortal Soul 690 4. “Soul” Not Immortal; “Spirit” Not Deathless 691 5. “Spirit” Not a Separate Conscious Entity 692 6. “Spirit” Is the “Principle of Life” 693 7. Extensive Draft on Conditionalist Authorities 693 8. Death: Cessation of Life of Whole Man 694 9. Paramount Place of the Resurrection 695 10. Relation of Judgment and Resurrection 695 11. Judgment Precludes Immediate Reward at Death 696 12. Special Word Zoe Designates Eternal Life 697 13. Origin of Conflicting Schools on Destiny 698 14. Punishment Is “Cutting Off” From Life 699 15. Fire Consumes; Does Not Infinitely Prolong 699 16. Final Doom Is Oblivion of Sinners 700 17. Smith a Perpetuator, Not a Pioneer 700 34. 1,500,000 Seventh-day Adventists Champion Conditionalism 702 I. Adventists—Largest Christian Body Holding to Conditionalism 702 1. Involvements of Conditionalism Listed 702 2. Fundamental Plank in Adventist Platform 703 3. Constituent Part of Uniform Baptismal Certificate 704 4. Line of Conditionalists Spans Christian Era 704 5. Standing in End Section of Impressive Line 705 6. Adventism’s Most Representative Conditionalist Spokesman 705 II. Unique Life and Writings of Ellen G. White 706 1. Her Early Life and Environs 706 2. Adult Life Tied in With Adventist Church 707 3. Establishes Remarkable Writing Record 708 4. Extraordinary Tribute by George Wharton James 708 5. Ten Basic Principles Characterize E. G. White Writings 709 III. Amazing Time Span, Sheer Output, and Range of Subjects 710 1. Mere Pagination of Principal Works Impressive 710 2. Tremendous Circulation of Leading Books 711 3. Wide Diversity of Subject Matter 711 4. Greatest Works Written After Sixty-five 712 IV. Scholars Laud Special Writings of E. G. White 712 1. Columbia University Professor Praises Education Principles 712 2. Nutritional Counsels Verified by Scientific Advances 713 3. Better Health Would Result From Teachings 713 4. Uttered in Advance of Scientific Discoveries 714 35. Presenting the Adventist Case for Conditionalism 715 I. “Conflict of Ages” Series Sets Forth Conditionalist Position 715 1. Man’s Free Choice and Moral Accountability 715 2. Obedience Indispensable Condition of Existence 717 3. “Doomed to Death” on Day of Transgression 717 4. Man’s Plight Necessitated Plan of Redemption 718 5. Divine Sentence Involves “Utter Extinction” of Sinner 719 6. Immortality Regained “Only Through Christ” 719 II. Innate Immortality Concept Rests on “Authority of Satan” 719 1. Paralleling Eternal Torment Corollary 720 2. Eternal Torment for Brief Earthly Life Revolting 720 3. Shocking Involvements of Universalist Alternative 720 4. Eternal Misery and Universalism Equally Erroneous 721 5. Unchanging Conditionalist Tenor of Her Teaching 722 III. Immortality Received at Resurrection After Sleep of Death 722 1. Wholly Dependent Upon Christ for Immortality 722 2. Dead Sleep Unconsciously Until Resurrection 723

IV. Basic Fallacy of Immortal-Soul Presumption 723 1. Innatism and “Eternal Torment” Both Unscriptural 723 2. Testimony of Old Testament Adduced 724 3. Witness of Peter and Paul Marshaled 724 4. Nullifies Need of Previous Judgment 725 5. Fallacy of Innatism Attacked by Luther 725 6. Awake From Sleep to Glorious Immortality 726 V. Full Justification for Sinner’s Ultimate Extinction 726 1. Retributive Justice Accords With God’s Character 727 2. Retribution for Good Both of Universe and Transgressors 727 3. No Forced Universalism in Divine Plan 727 4. Contrasting Principles of Life and Death 728 5. Justice Requires Degrees of Punishment 728 6. Ultimate Obliteration of Sin and Sinners 729 VI. Three Problem Passages Clearly Expounded 729 1. Primary Lesson of the Transfiguration 729 2. Parable Refutes a Second Probation 730 3. Christ’s Assurance to Dying Thief 731 VII. Spiritualism the Consummation of the Lie of Eden 732 1. Built on Concept of “Consciousness in Death” 732 2. Spiritualism Constitutes the Perfect “Counterfeit” 733 3. Exalts Wicked to Honored Places in Heaven 733 4. Mysterious Phenomena Not All Trickery 733 5. Miraculous Events Wrought by Satan’s Agents 734 6. Now Employs More Appealing Approaches 734 VIII. Inner Philosophy Based on Principle of Desire for Deification 734 1. Grave Perils Lurk Behind Pleasing Front 735 2. Is Merely Revival of Ancient Witchcraft 735 3. Character Unchanged Despite Modern Camouflages 736 4. Consummation of the Lie of Eden 736 5. Spiritualism Makes “Path to Hell” Attractive 736 6. Among First to Expose Spiritualism’s Sinister Character 737 IX. Materialization of “Spirits” Is Deceptive Device 738 1. Demonic Spirit Impersonated Prophet Samuel 738 2. Popular Claims Flout Divine Stipulations 738 3. “Communion With Dead” Is Foundation of Heathenism 738 4. Evil Angels Simulate “Spirits of Dead” 739 5. Fraudulent Because Dead Are Incommunicado 739 6. Apostle Forbids “Fellowship” With Devils 740 7. Vicious Purpose of Demonic Message 740 36. Twentieth Century—Epoch of Far-reaching Expansion 747 I. Comprehensive Over-all View of Current Living Witnesses 747 1. Revolt Now Worldwide in Extent 748 2. Witnesses Presented Chronologically by Decades 748 II. Archbishop Temple Presents the Case for Conditionalism 749 1. Annihilation—Not Eternal Torment of Sinners 749 2. Catholicism’s Fourfold Destination of the Soul 751 3. Purgatory Eliminated From Reformation Categories 751 4. Heaven and Hell Left as Terrible Alternatives 752 5. Modern Revulsion Against Eternal Torment 752 6. Future Life Based on Resurrection 753 7. The Platonic Concept of Immortality 753 8. Immortality Offered to Man Conditionally 754 9. Everlasting Punishment Not Unending Torment 754 10. Rejecters of God’s Offer Are to Be Destroyed 755 11. Immortality Offered Through Resurrection 755 12. Man Not Innately but Conditionally Immortal 756 13. Temple Presents Consistent View of Anglican Church 756 III. Danish Beck and Teisen—Champions of Conditionalism 757 1. Beck: Dead Sleep Unconsciously Till Resurrection 757 2. Teisen: Wicked to Be “Utterly Consumed” 758 IV. Swedish Cleric Ekman—“Unquenchable Fire” Totally Consumes 759 1. Fires Go Out After Consuming 759 2. Victims Finally Cease to Be 760 V. Dean Bennett—Willfully Wicked to Be Completely Destroyed 760 1. Innatism No Rightful Part of Christianity 760 2. No Created Being Can Be More Than “Immortable” 761 3. Fundamental Fallacy of Innate Immortality 761 4. “Sleep” for Death 762 5. “Everlasting Fire” Not Endless Duration but “Destruction” 762 VI. Cambridge’s Dodd—No Innate Immortality in Bible 763 VII. St. Paul’s Dean Matthews—Favors Conditional Immortality 763 1. Sin Brings Its Own Destruction 764 2. Self-determination Involves Risk of Disaster 764 3. Wrong Choice Leads to Destruction 765 VIII. Translator Moffatt—Challenges Eternal Torment; Commends Conditionalism 765

37. Lutheran Bishop, Catholic Cardinal, and Anglican Rector Speak Out 767 I. Sweden’s Bishop Personne—Sweeping Denial of “Eternal Torment” 757 1. Man’s Destiny—“Weakest Point” in Confessional Writings 767 2. “Intermediate State” Is “Kingdom of Death” 769 3. Dogma of “Eternal Suffering” Is Wholly “Unbiblical” 769 4. Augsburg Confession Dictum Not Founded on Bible 769 5. Anguish of Damned Precludes Joy for Saved 770 6. Frightful Interpretation Invoked to Sustain Fallacy 771 II. Cardinal Billot—Dead “Sleep” Until Appointed Awakening 772 1. Man’s Fate Fixed Immovably at Death 772 2. Sleeps in Death Until General Awakening 773 III. Anglican Waller—Valuable Handbook for Conditionalists 774 IV. Remarkable Scope of Ground Covered 775 1. All Faculties and Powers Cease at Death 775 2. Total Unconsciousness in “Gravedom” 776 3. Fires of “Gehenna” Only After Resurrection 776 4. As AH Powers Cease, So All Powers Restored 777 5. Innate Immortality of “Heathen Origin” 777 6. Death and Mortality From Disobedience 777 7. No Disembodied “Spirits” Survive Death 778 8. “Sleep” Implies Unconsciousness and Later Awakening 778 9. No Resurrection of Lower Animals 778 10. Man’s Pre-eminence Over the Beasts 779 11. No Immortality Until Resurrection 779 12. Resurrection Reconstitutes Complete Organism 779 13. No Consciousness During Intermediate State 779 14. Samplers From Ten Summarizing Points 780 38. Swedish, English, Scottish, and American Voices Attest 782 I. Bishop Nygren—Scholarly Portrayal of “Innatism” v. Conditionalism 782 1. Platonism and Christianity in Battle and Compromise 783 2. Orphic “Soul,” Body-Prison, and “Liberation” 783 3. “Eros”—Innate Immortality; “Agape”—Resurrection 784 4. Innate Immortality Concept Held “Not Christian” 785 5. Origen: Body Is Spirit’s “Prison-House” 786 6. Irenaeus Rejects “Natural Immortality” Concept 787 II. Bristol’s Findlay—Conditionalism Both “Reasonable and Consistent” 788 “Conditional Immortality” and “Destructive Fire” 788 III. Boston’s Knudson—Growing Rejection of Eternal Torment Theory 789 IV. Swedish Bishop Andrae—Resurrection Life, Not Discarnate Existence 789 1. Death Means Destruction of Consciousness 790 2. Resurrection of Body and Soul as “Entity” 790 V. Edinburgh’s Baillie—Admits “Conditionalism May Be Right” 791 1. Platonism Traced Back to Animistic Sources 791 2. Conditionalist Position May Be “Right” 792 3. The Hope of Christian Expectation 792 VI. Scotland’s Stewart—Pauline Truth v. Greek and Jewish Errors 792 1. Antecedents and Consequents of Salvation 793 2. Fallacy of Surviving Disembodied Spirits 794 3. “Crass Materialism” of Jewish Concepts 794 4. Twin Blessings of the Second Advent 794 VII. Bible College Forbes—No “Infinite Torture for Finite Sin” 795 1. Did Christ Suffer “Infinite” Punishment? 795 2. Testimony of Twelve Conditionalists Cited 796 3. Christ’s “Full Penalty” Precludes Eternal Torment 797 VIII. Bowman American Tract—Arrays Plato Against Paul 797 1. Paul’s “Revelation” v. Plato’s “Speculation” 797 2. “Revival” of Dead v. “Survival” of Soul 798 3. Paul Accords With Scripture; Plato Contradicts It 798 4. Paul Honors Body; Plato Depreciates It 798 5. Stock Phrases of “Platonized Theology” Listed 799 IX. Oxford’s Quick—Man Wholly Dies Before Totally Living 800 1. Immortality Is Gift of Death-conquering Christ 800 2. “Heavenly Life” Not Through “Liberation of Soul” 801 X. Swedish Bishop Cullberg—Soul Is “as Mortal” as Body 802 39. Group Statements and Individual Utterances Concur 803 I. Archdeacon Guillebaud—Ultimate Extinction for Wicked 803 1. How “The Righteous Judge” Came to Be Written 804 2. Outline and Scope of the Manuscript 805 3. Innate Immortality Not Declared in Scripture 806 4. “Image of God” Does Not Denote Immortality 806 5. Hostile Hell “Corner” to All Eternity “Unthinkable” 807 6. Eternal Punishment May End “Existence” Forever 807 7. Penal Suffering Not to Continue Forever 807 8. Ultimate Extinction of Existence for Wicked 807 9. Memorial of God’s “Righteous Judgment” 808

10. Satan’s Existence Shall “Come to an End” 808 11. Not All “Suffer Equally” in “Second Death” 808 12. Judgment “Irreversible and Final” in Issues 809 13. Bowing of “Every Knee” Not Universal Salvation 809 II. Guillebaud’s Summary of Conclusions 810 1. No Eternal Consciousness of Existence for Wicked 810 2. Penal Punishment Does Not Involve. “Everlasting Torment” 811 3. A Destruction With No Return 811 4. God Cannot Tolerate Eternal Rebellion 812 5. Separate From Sin or Perish With Sin 812 6. Twofold Basis for Guillebaud’s Conclusions 813 7. Inconsistency of Evolutionists’ Objections to Conditionalism— 813 III. Mansfield’s Micklem—Innate Immortality Is Greek, Not Biblical 814 IV. Anglican Commission—“Eternal Life” Only for “Believers in Christ” 815 1. Formal Report of Commission of Fifty 815 2. Content and Scope of the “Eternal Gospel” 817 3. Future Life Is of the “Whole Man” 817 4. Judgment Involves Separation and Destruction of Evil 817 5. Universal Innate Immortality a “Greek” Concept 818 6. The Gospel Escape From Everlasting Death 818 V. Sweden’s Kahnlund—Creative Resurrection Bestows Immortality 819 VI. Schoolmaster Cundy—Resurrection. Not. Survival of Separated Souls 820 1. Life Spark Must Come From Outside 820 2. Bodiless Survival of Soul a “Pagan Notion” 821 3. Eternal Hell Not Foregone Conclusion 821 4. Second Death Extinguishes Personality 821 VII. Wesley’s Snaith—Innate Immortality Not “Biblical Idea” 822 1. No Independent Survival Disclosed in Bible 822 2. All Who Cling to Sin to Be Destroyed 822 3. No “Immortal Soul” That “Survives Death” 825 VIII. Birmingham’s Major—Fire Unextinguishable Consumes Its Victims 823 40. Dutch, Scotch, Welsh, English, Swedish, American, Swiss. Testify 825 I. Gronigen’s Leeuw—Soul Ceases to Exist Until Resurrection 825 1. Even the Soul Dies in Death 826 2. Will Receive Immortality at Resurrection 826 II. Edinburgh’s Taylor—Second Death Is “Suicide” Death 827 1. Rebellious Can Refuse to Respond 827 III. Beasley-Murray—Survival of Soul Only Would Be Fragmentary 828 1. Resurrection Is Reintegration of Whole Man 828 IV. Welsh Dean North—Body Necessary for Resurrected Personality 829 1. Survival Not an Inalienable Right 829 V. Free Church’s Vine—Man Not Immortal, but “Immortizable” 830 1. Man an “Integrated Unit,” Not. a Dualism 830 2. God Only Has “Natural Immortality” 831 3. “Natural Immortality” of Man a “Greek Concept” 831 4. Man “Not a Spirit inhabiting a Body” 831 5. Disintegration Ends “Human Biotic Unit” 832 VI. Swedish Bishop Aulen—Immortality Divine “Gift,” Not “Human Prerogative” 833 1. Greek Dualism vs. Christian Concept of Salvation 833 2. “Eternal Life” Not Natural “Prerogative” but Resurrection “Gift” 834 3. Body-Soul Distinction Foreign to “Resurrection Faith” 834 4. Innate Immortality “Foreign to Faith” 834 5. Unequivocally Opposed to Spiritualism’s Fantasies 835 VII. Lutheran’s Heinecken—Man Has No Inherent Immortality 836 1. Dualistic Concept False; Man a “Unity” 836 2. Vital Relationship of Creator and Creature 837 3. Misconceptions Lead to Depreciating the Resurrection 837 4. Unconscious of Passing Time Till Resurrection 837 5. “Separable Soul” Unknown to Bible 838 6. The Way to Eternal Life Set Forth 838 7. No One Has Life in and of Himself 838 VIII. Union’s Niebuhr—Sole Hope of Survival Lies in Resurrection 839 1. Classical Pagan Concept Supplants “Biblical” View 839 2. Resurrection Teaching Supplanted by Immortal-Soulism 840 3. Contrast Between “Resurrection” and “Immortality” 840 IX. Harvard’s Dean Sperry—Sinners Vanish Into Eternal “Nothingness” 840 1. Destiny of the “Undeviating Sinner” 841 41. Rectors, Deans, Bishops, Professors, and Editors 84? I. Rector Simcox—Not a “Guess” About the “Grand Perhaps” 842 1. Innate Immortality Only a Theory 843 2. Innatism Not Biblical, Merely Greek Philosophy 843 3. Man a Unit, Not a Duality 844 4. Transfers Hope From Man to God 845 II. Princeton’s Ramsey—Immortality Derivative, Not Inherent 845 1. Platonic Error v. Christian Truth 846

III. Dean Vidler—“Inherent” Immortality Not Biblical Doctrine 846 1. Term Not in Bible or Early Creeds 847 2. Resurrected Men Not “Disembodied Spirits” 847 3. “Whole Man” Dies, “Every Part of Him” 848 IV. Caird of McGill—Resurrection Restores “Whole Personality” 848 V. Woolwich’s Bishop Robinson—Fundamental Fallacies of Immortal-Soulism 849 1. Involves Ultimate Loss of Personality 849 2. Whole Man Dies; Whole Man Raised 850 3. Resurrection Does Not Take Place at Death 850 VI. Augustana’s Wahlstrom—“Resurrection” Only Hope of Future Life 851 VII. Hartford’s Spinka---Rejects “Damned to Eternal Torments” 851 VIII. Pike and Pittenger—Not “Indestructible” Nature, but Resurrection 852 1. “Indestructible” Soul v. Re-created “Body-Soul” 853 2. “Plausible Theory” v. Resurrection Fact 853 3. Innatism Defective; Resurrection Complete 853 IX. Temple’s Taylor—Denies Presumptive “Deathlessness” of the Soul 854 X. Rector Davies—Immortal-Soulism Not Biblical but Greek 855 1. “Created for Immortality” but Became “Mortal” 855 2. Immortal-Soulism Derived From Greek Philosophy 856 3. Man a “Unity,” Not “Two Separate Entities” 857 4. Not “Truncated Creature”—Resurrection of Whole Person 858 5. Sin Involves “Final Destruction” of Soul 858 XI. Edinburgh’s Manson—Resurrection Transforms “Mortal Nature” 859 XII. Stockholm’s Bolander—Deliverance Not Through Death, but Resurrection 860 XIII. Manchester’s Manson—Man Sleeps in Death 860 1. “Falling Asleep and Waking Up” 861 2. Continuity of Personality Through Resurrection 861 XIV. Tubingen’s Heim—No Continuance in “Disembodied State” 862 XV. Canadian Commentator Short—Not “Inherently Immortal” 862 42. New and Old World Spokesmen Probe Heart of Problem 866 I. Queen’s Shaw—Favors Conditionalism; Rejects Eternal Torment 866 1. “Embodied Existence,” Not “Disembodied Spirit” 867 2. “Eternal Fire” Suggests “Ultimate Destruction” 868 3. Not Immortal by “Nature” or “Constitution” 869 4. Historical Lineage of Conditional Immortality 869 5. “Ultimate Extinction” for Incorrigibles 870 II. Drew’s Craig—Immortality Not Inherent but “Put On” 870 1. Platonic Immortality Involved “Divination” 871 III. Boston’s De Wolf—No Inescapable “Everlasting Torture” 872 IV. Archeologist Wright—Eternity Entered by “Resurrection of Body” 872 V. Theological Debate in Scandinavia Over “Hell” and “Heaven” 873 1. Bishop Schjelderup Challenges Professor Hallesby 873 2. Similar Debate Projected by Lindhardt in Denmark 874 VI. Lutheran Kantonen—No Inherent Capacity to Overleap Tomb 875 1. Historical Vicissitudes of the “Hope” 875 2. Three Schools Develop as to Eschatology 876 3. Paganism Penetrates Church in Formative Period 876 4. Greek View “Entirely Foreign” to “Bible” Position 877 5. Existence After Death Only by Resurrection 877 6. “Soul” Is “Destructible” as Well as “Body” 878 7. Luther’s Emphasis on Scriptural “Sleep” 879 8. Unconscious of Passage of Time in Slumber 879 9. Fate of Wicked Simply Destruction 880 VII. Richmond’s Roberts—Immortality a Gift, Not a Possession 880 VIII. Atkinson of Cambridge—Man Not Immortal; Punishing Not Eternal 881 1. Man Not “Immortal Soul” Imprisoned in a “Body” 882 2. Old Eden and New Paradise on New Earth 883 3. God Gave the Ultimate Criterion of Right and Wrong 884 4. Sinner Subject to Irremediable Second Death 884 5. Not “Eternal ... Torment” but “Everlasting Destruction” 885 6. Tempting “Serpent” Was Satan Himself 885 7. Scope of the Serpent’s Temptation 885 8. Death Not Continuing Discarnate Living 886 9. Divine Provision for Redemption 887 10. No Eternal Life in Sin and Torment 887 43. Various Accusing Fingers Incriminate Platonism 889 I. Toronto’s Owen—“Greek Dualism” Perverted Christian Theology 889 1. No “Independent” Soul in a “Corruptible Body” 890 2. Philosophy of “Dualism” From Greeks 891 3. “Dualism” Is Integral Part of Platonism 891 4. Biblical “Resurrection” Opposed to “Orphic Eschatology” 891 5. “Intermediate State” Leads to Purgatory Concept 892 6. “Death Knell” of Dualism Sounded 892 7. “Biblical View” Totally Different From Traditional 893

II. Zurich’s Brunner—Sinner Brings “Eternal Destruction” Upon Himself 894 1. Platonic Innatism. Is Not “biblical” 894 2. Sinner Deprives Himself of Eternal Life 894 3. Pagan Origin of Soul-Survival Concept 895 4. Platonic Innatism Assimilated by Catholicism 895 5. Sinister Implications of “Platonic Dualism” 896 6. Fantasies of Platonism v. Revelation of God 896 7. Death Springs From Human “Rebellion” 897 8. Greek Philosophy Irreconcilable With Divine Revelation 897 9. Created and Destined for Eternal Life 897 III. Aberdeen’s Hunter—Pauline Truth Exposes Platonic Error 898 1. Revival of Eschatology Unmasks Greek Influences 898 2. Immortality “Gift of God,” Not Innately Ours 899 3. Not “Disembodied” Spirits but “Whole Men” 899 IV. India’s Bishop Newbigin—Resurrection Not Immortality 899 V. Disciples’ Robinson—“Bodiless Existence” of Greek Innatism Invalid 900 1. No Warrant for a “Bodiless Existence” 901 VI. Erlangen’s Stauffer—Dead “Sleep” Under God’s Protective Eye 901 1. Christian’s Resurrection Opposed to Greek Innatism 901 VII. Wesleyan’s Spurrier—Rejects Platonic Soul Separation 902 VIII. Union’s Brown—Not Greek Innate Immortality but Resurrection 903 1. Greek and Biblical Concepts in Total Conflict 903 2. Paul’s Emphasis on Resurrection, Not Soul Survival 904 3. “Total Personality” Restored by Resurrection 904 IX. Switzerland’s Kraemer—Innatism Not Biblical but Greek 905 X. Presbyterian Bible Lesson Presents “Immortality Through Christ” 906 1. Resurrection Is Guarantee of Life to Come 906 2. Immortality Is From God, Not Man 906 3. Redemption of the Whole Man 907 4. Life Because of God, Not of Man 907 XI. Hooke of London Greek Inherent Immortality Not in Bible 908 XII. Oral Declaration of Late Keswick Teacher, W. Graham Scroggie 908 44. Conservatives, Liberals, Even Catholics Speak Out 912 I. Switzerland’s Cullmann—Eminent Champion of Conditionalism 913 1. Creative Resurrection Restores Whole Man 913 2. Body Not Soul’s “Prison” but “Temple” 914 3. Resurrection Not at Death but at “End” 915 4. Whole Creation to Be Formed Anew 915 5. Resurrection Does Not Occur at Death 916 II. Manchester’s Rowley—Greek Immortal-Soulism a Deception 917 III. Edinburgh’s Read—Not Something “Released at Death” 918 IV. Catholic Tresmontant—Not Part but “Whole Man” Saved 918 1. Paul’s Frontal Attack on Greek Philosophy 919 2. The Offense of “Creation” to the Hellenic Mind 919 3. Mystery Religion “Immortality” v. Judaeo-Christian “Resurrection” 920 4. Orphic Concept of Souls v. Biblican Resurrection 920 5. Irreversibility of God and Eternal Returning of Paganism 920 V. Dominican Tremel—Not “Natural Immortality“: “Resurrection” After “Sleep” 921 1. Innate “Immortality” Is Relic of Pagan Philosophy 921 VI. Earlham’s Trueblood—Disavows an “Eternal Hell” 922 1. Scientifico-Philosophic Evidence Worthless 923 VII. Harvard’s Tillich—“Natural” Immortality Not “Christian Doctrine” 924 VIII. Harvard’s Hocking—Not “Immortality” but “Immortability” 925 1. Not “Immortality” but “Immortability” 925 2. Wicked Not “Doomed” to Everlasting Continuance 925 3. No “Personal Living” Without “Bodiliness” 926 IX. Princeton’s Homrighausen—Questions Independent Persistence of Spirit 926 X. Methodist Perry—No “Disembodied Existence” Beyond Death 926 XI. Adventists Reiterate Conditionalism in 1957 Statement 927 XII. Colgate-Rochester’s Hamilton—Platonic Assurance a “Lie” 929 XIII. Drew’s Anderson—Mortality of Man v. Greek Immortal-Soulism 929 XIV. Chaplain Irion—“Philosophical” Immortality Contradicts Biblical “Resurrection” 930 XV. Marburg’s Bultmann—Man a Unified Organism, Not Dualistic 931 XVI. Ceylon’s Niles—Not “Natural Immortality” but “Resurrection” 931 45. Sixth Decade Closes With Significant Presentation 936 I. Moravian’s Heller—Immortality Not of Man, but From God 936 1. Recent Scholarship Challenges Traditional “Dualism” 937 2. Man Not “Half Mortal” and “Half Immortal” 938 3. Life After Death “Rests” on “Immortality of God” 938 4. Life Not “Inalienable” Possession but “Loan” From God 939 II. San Francisco’s Gill—“Discarnate” Spirit Idea Not Sanctioned by Bible 940 1. Challenges Contention of “Discarnate Souls” 940 2. Whole Men Die; Whole Men Are Re-created 940 3. “Discarnates” Not in “Biblical Picture” 941 III. Canadian “United Church” Committee Report on “Life and Death” 941

1. Committee “Suspect” “Eternal Punishment” 942 2. Immortality “Put On” at Resurrection 943 3. Hope in “Resurrection,” Not in “Natural Immortality” 943 4. Separable Soul and Body Not Biblical but Platonic 943 5. Only God “Possesses Immortality” by “Nature” 944 6. Immortality Not an Inherent Possession 944 7. Eternal Lite Brought to “Perfection” at Second Advent 945 8. Two Views—“Death-Sleep” v. Resurrection at Death 945 9. Afterlife Depends on Resurrection 945 10. Purgatory and Spiritualism Not Biblical 946 11. Leans Toward Universalism on Destiny of Wicked 946 IV. Von Allmen and Associates—Conditionalist Terms Defined 947 1. “Second Death” and Thief on Cross 947 2. Death a “Sleep”; No Innate Immortality 948 3. Eternal Destruction Not Eternal Torment 948 4. Eternal Life “Wholly New Life” 949 5. Man Mortal; God Immortal 949 6. Human Life Is Derived Life 950 7. Does Not Possess Independent Existence 950 8. Man “Not Created Immortal” 951 9. “Gehenna” Connotes the “Second Death” 951 V. St. Aldate’s De Berry—Not Eternal Torment, but “Annihilation” 952 1. Catholic Position: Eternal Consciousness in Hell 952 2. Not “Everlasting Torment” but “Annihilation” 953 VI. Handsworth’s Strawson—Eternal Life a Gift, Not Inherent 953 1. Gift of Life and Destruction of Lost 954 2. Fate at Death “Unchangeable and Final” 954 3. Sinner Perishes Because Without Innate Life 954 4. Future Life Not Inevitable Possession 955 46. Augmented Influences Radiate to Ends of Earth 956 I. New College’s Simpson—Man “Immort-able” Not Innately Immortal 957 1. “Immortal Soul” Neither Biblical Phrase nor Concept 957 2. Universalism Belittles Fatefulness of Life 958 II. Amsterdam’s Korff and Van Niftrik—Innatism Alien to Bible 959 1. Van Niftrik Concurs in Denial of Platonism 960 III. St. Paul’s Holden—Dead All “Sleep” Till Second Advent 961 1. Dead Are in “Place of Waiting” 961 2. All the Dead in State of Sleep 962 3. Sleeper Awaits Sound of Angel’s Trump 962 IV. Baptist Andrews—Hellenic Inroads Neutralize Early “Hopee” 963 1. Blanketing Hellenic “Fog” Envelopes Early Faith 963 2. Greek Emphasis on “Path of Escape” 964 3. If Soul in Heaven or Hell No Need of Advent 964 4. Calvin’s Immortal-Soulism Neutralizes “Consummation” 965 V. Drew’s Michalson—No Immortality Apart From Resurrection 966 1. Souls Do Not Exist Independent of Bodies 966 2. Not Innate Immortality But Resurrection 967 VI. Swedish-American Princell—Sinner’s Punishment Comes to an End 968 1. Sinner’s Punishment Lasts Forever 968 2. No Eternal Suffering in God’s New Universe 968 VII. British Conditionalist Sceats—Veteran Champion of Conditionalism 969 VIII. Three Afrikaans Theologians Voice Conditionalist Positions 970 1. Seminary Professor Keet—No Innate Immortality in Bible 970 2. Pretoria’s Professor Marais—Soul Rests in “Realm of Death” 970 3. Cape Town Pastor Heyns—Whole Man Is “Prey of Death” 971 47. Mass Communications Media Present Conditionalism 972 I. Richards—Worldwide Broadcasts Witness to Conditionalism 972 1. Divine Revelation Instead of Human Speculation 974 2. Three Views Concerning “Immortality” 975 3. If Man Is Immortal, Warning Concerning Death Is Invalid 976 4. Immortal Sinners and Moral Apostasy 976 5. God, Not Man, Inherently Immortal 977 6. Immortality Obtained Solely as Gift to Be Sought 977 7. Gospel Is Good News of Immortality Through Christ 978 8. Immortality Bestowed by Christ at Second Advent 978 9. Sole Hope Through the Resurrection 978 10. Divine Revelation Answers Universal Question 979 II. Fagal—210-Station Telecasts Include Conditionalism 979 1. Waiting in Hope for the Resurrection 980 2. Man Totally Unconscious During Death-Sleep 981 3. Christian Hope Is in Pledge of Resurrection 982 4. Spirit Not Entity Capable of Separate Existence 982 5. Spirit Is Spark or Principle of Life 983 6. Fires of Hell Not Burning at Present 983 7. Punished With Destruction at End of World 984

8. After Punishment Wicked Cease to Exist 984 9. Mercifully Destroys Spurners of Proffered Life 985 III. Vandeman—Covering Whole Regions, Stresses Conditionalism 986 1. Unmasking the Psychic Masqueraders 986 2. Gospel Provision of Immortality 987 3. Hoax Perpetrated by Fallen Angels 987 4. The Other Side of Death 988 5. What Happens to Man at Death? 989 6. Resurrection Promise Rocked Pagan World 989 IV. Remarkable Total Testimony of Entire Denomination 990 1. Huge Literature Distribution Supports Conditionalism 990 2. Avowal of Conditionalism Prerequisite to Baptism 991 3. Educational System Committed to Conditionalism 991 48. Important Contributions Conclude Current Survey 992 I. Unique and Valuable Collation by Moses Crouse 993 1. Growing Group Denies Bible Basis for Innatism 994 2. Bible Does Not Teach Inherent Immortality 994 3. Wide Denominational and Geographical Spread 995 4. Galaxy of Illustrious Names Cited 9% 5. Remarkable Range of Scholarship Represented 997 6. Greek Origin of Innatism Widely Perceived 997 7. Ground Swell of Revolt Under Way 997 8. Resurgence of Bible Study Brings Corrective Swing 998 II. National Council’s Swaim—Immortality a “Gift,” Not “Inherent” Endowment 999 1. “Notion” of Immortal Soul Not Biblical, but Greek 999 2. Man Only “Immort-able”; God Alone Immortal 1000 3. Not Native Endowment but Gift of God 1000 III. McCormick’s Knight—Innatism Based on Apocrypha Not Bible 1001 1. Resurrection Proffered Hope of “Life After Death” 1001 2. Reformers “Shaken” Away From Medieval Innatism 1002 3. Soul Not Self-existing “Separable” Entity 1003 IV. Western’s Cocks—Man Lives Again Only by Resurrection 1004 V. Catholic Professor-Editor Davis—Innatism “Alien to Christianity” 1004 VI. Princeton’s Hendry—Reinterprets “Westminster’s” Statements 1005 1. Anglican Origin of Presbyterian Confession 1006 2. Present-Day Reservations Re the Confession 1007 3. Propriety of Taking “Exception” Explained 1008 4. Present-Day “Journey” May Require Revision of “Map” 1008 5. Dogmatism in “Shadowy Region Beyond Death” 1009 6. Not New Confession, hut Adjustments of Old 1010 7. Immortality of Soul Derived From Plato 1010 8. Reasons for Questioning Innate Immortal-Soulism 1011 9. “Immediate” Reward at Death Would Nullify Judgment 1011 VII. Anglican Rector Bateson—Arraigns Traditionalist Fallacies 1013 1. Five Basic Planks in “Traditional Scheme” 1013 2. Divergent “Interpretation” Added to Bible Truth 1014 3. Supporting Citation From Archdeacon Guillebaud 1015 VIII. Scientist Schweitzer—Innate Immortality a Greek Derivation 1016 IX. Conditionalist Kearney—Assembles Brilliant Quota of French Writers 1017 1. De Pury—Deliverance at Advent, Not Death 1018 2. Mehl—Christianity Teaches Mortality of Soul 1019 3. De Coppet—Punishment Eternal in Results? 1020 4. Crespy—Not Soul Imprisoned in Body 1020 5. La Morte—Immortality Is Reward of Faith 1021 6. Berdiaeff—Immortality Only in Christ 1021 X. Barth Over Radio Affirms Man Mortal, Not Immortal 1022 1. Position on Immortality Set Forth in Radio Discussion 1023 2. Bible Affirms Immortality Only of God 1023 3. Innate Immortality Not Possessed by Man 1023 4. “Life Beyond” Wholly Dependent Upon God 1024 5. Biblical View Perverted by Platonic Philosophy 1024 6. Man a Unit, Not a Separable Soul 1024 7. Our Only Hope of Life to Come 1025 8. Eternal Life Only Through Christ 1026 9. The Message of the Word of God 1026 XI. Professor Vaucher—Handbook of Continental Conditionalism 1027 XII. Japan’s Hatano—Resurrection Is From “Nothingness” 1028 1. Death Is Complete “Destruction of Life” 1029 XIII. Baptist Pastor Hatch Becomes Ardent Conditionalist 1029 1. Two Incidents Start Train of Thought 1030 2. Charges Lead to Revolution of Life 1030 3. Hatch’s Views Epitomized in Subheads 1031 4. Not in Spirit-World After Death 1031 5. Death Is Complete Absence of Life 1032 6. “Perish” Is Utter Loss of All Life 1032 7. Eternal Torment Involves Incongruities 1033

8. Eternal Torment Opens Door to Chain of Errors 1033 9. Immortality at Advent the Glorious Prospect 1033 49. Recapitulating the Evidence for Individual Conclusions 1039 I. Unfolding Panorama of the Centuries Epitomized 1039 1. Platonic Inroads Produce Three-Way Split 1039 2. Dominant Immortal-Soulism Suppresses Opposing Voices 1040 3. Reformation First Restored Fundamentals of Salvation 1041 4. Different Doctrines but Slowly Restored 1041 5. Intense Conflict Over Sleep of Soul in Death 1042 6. Small Groups Retained Conditionalism From Early Times 1042 II. Eighteenth Century Marks Turn in Tide 1043 1. Slowly Gathering Momentum of Eighteenth Century 1043 2. Conspicuous Conditionalist Advances in Nineteenth Century 1043 3. Powerful Conditionalist Literature Makes Appearance 1044 4. Conflict Intensifies in Twentieth Century 1044 III. The Strength of the Case for Conditionalism 1045 1. Value of Testimony of the Witnesses 1045 2. Determining Light of the Centuries 1046 3. Individual Verdict Cannot Be Avoided 1047 IV. Perspective Provided for Individual Conclusions 1048 50. Spiritualism Invades Our Times 1051 I. The Consummation of the Original Lie of Eden 1052 1. Bolstering Satan’s Original Contention 1052 2. Candor and Faithfulness Called For 1053 II. Fox Cottage in Hydesville—Cradle of Modern Spiritualism 1053 1. Raps Develop Into “Code of Communication” 1053 2. European Activities Antedate American Manifestations 1055 3. From Hostile Reception to Phenomenal Spread 1056 4. Sixty Million Adherents Claimed by 1894 1057 5. Conan Doyle Envisions Phenomenal Developments 1058 III. Three Stages in Historical Development of Spiritualism 1058 1. Shifts From Churchly to Scientific Stage 1058 2. Old World Scientists Espouse Spiritualism 1059 IV. Organized as World-embracing Religion in 1893 1060 1. Operates Through Sundry Organizations 1060 2. Declaration of Principles a Gradual Development 1061 3. To Give Pre-eminence to Women 1062 V. “Definitions” of Spiritualism as “Science, Philosophy and Religion” 1062 VI. Essence of Spiritualism—Survival and Communication 1063 1. Maintain “So-called Dead” Are “Living” 1063 2. Official “Year Book” Confirms Individual Declarations 1064 3. Universal Salvation Fundamental Spiritualist Plank 1064 4. Progressive Passage Through the “Spheres” 1064 5. Spiritualism Consigns Open Rebels to Heavenly Bliss 1065 VII. World Triumph of Spiritualism Claimed Under Way 1065 1. Spiritualism’s World-conquering Mission 1066 2. Doyle—Spirit’s Guidance to Inaugurate Universal Creed 1066 3. Coming Unifier of All Religions 1067 4. One “Scientific Religion” for “Modern Man” 1067 VIII. Fundamental Place Accorded Andrew Jackson Davis 1067 1. Antedates Fox Sisters’ Episode of 1848 1068 2. Memorialized Jointly With Katie Fox 1069 3. Books Written Under “Spirit Control” 1069 4. Rejects Great Verities of Christian Faith 1070 51. Professes to Be Coming World Religion 1072 I. “World Federation of Christendom” on Spiritualistic Platform 1072 1. Spirit Messages Call for “Radical Reconstruction” 1072 2. Audacious Claims for Spiritism as Humanity’s Savior 1073 3. Scientific “Spirit Contact” Through Electronic Communications 1073 II. Claims 1848 Ushered in New Era for Human Race 1074 1. Claims Christianity Based on Spiritistic Phenomena 1074 2. March 31 (1848) Is Birth Day of Modern Spiritualism 1075 3. Spiritualism the “Coming Universal Religion” 1075 4. New Dispensation Born in 1848 1076 5. Battery of Periodicals Spans First Century 1076 III. Typical Service in a Spiritualist “Church” 1077 1. Roberts Outlines Features of Typical Service 1077 2. Early Spiritualist Hymnals Stress “Spirit” Concepts 1077 3. Official Hymnal Maintains Spiritualist Concepts 1078 IV. Occult Episodes in Booth Tarkington Household 1078 1. Heavy Mahogany Table Moves Mysteriously 1079 2. Code of Communication With “Spirits” 1079 3. Grandfather Tarkington Affirms It Is “From the Devil” 1080 4. Remains the Great Unsettled Question 1080 V. Current “Spiritualist Camp” Inducements 1081 1. Cathedral of the Woods 1083

2. Chesterfield Spiritualist Art Gallery 1084 3. Bangs Sisters’ “Precipitation” Paintings Collection 1985 VI. Strange Life and Tragic End of Fox Sisters 1087 1. Margaretta’s Oscillating Career as Spiritualist 1067 2. Warning Admonition From Dr. Kane to Margaretta 1087 3. Margaretta Purposes to Expose Spiritualism in 1888 1088 4. Joined by Katie in Dramatic Exposure 1088 5. Recants Former Denunciation in 1889 1089 6. Both Sisters Die as Alcoholics 1090 7. Not Troubled Over “Respectability of Origins” 1090 52. Spiritualism in Basic Conflict With Christianity 1092 I. Repudiates All Fundamentals of the Christian Faith 1092 1. Based on Internal, Not “External,” Revelation 1092 2. Doyle Denies Sin, Fall, Atonement, Redemption 1092 3. Claims That Salvation Comes From Within, Not Without 1093 4. Thompson Repudiates Atonement, Grace, Forgiveness 1093 5. Manual—Fundamentals of Christian Faith Optional 1094 II. Perverts Basic Facts and Fundamentals of Christianity 1094 1. Claims “Upper Room” Was “Seance” Chamber 1096 2. Such Seances Now Only Outside Christian Church 1096 3. “General Resurrection” Repudiated by Spiritualism 1097 4. “New Heaven and Earth” Simply “Spirit World” 1097 5. Biblical Support Sought From Paul’s “Spiritual Gifts” 1097 6. Pauline “Spiritual Gifts” Claimed by Spiritualists 1098 III. Total Departure From “Christian Faith” Platform 1098 1. Spiritualism Not Based on Bible 1098 2. Jesus Held Not Uniquely Divine 1098 3. No Atoning Value in Death of Jesus 1099 4. Jesus Brazenly Declared “Great Medium” 1099 5. Asserts Christianity “Born in a Seance” 1100 6. Substitutes Spiritualism for Holy Spirit as “Comforter” 1100 IV. Disdains Bible Support, Yet Craftily Claims It 1100 1. Invokes Both Antiquity and Modern Scientific Support 1101 2. Claims Bible Permeated With Spiritualism Phenomena 1101 3. President Whitwell Lays Ground for Claim 1102 4. Makes Astonishing Claims for Mediumship 1102 5. MacDonald Proclaims Independence of Dogmatic Creeds 1103 6. Berry—Spiritualism “Entirely Independent” of Bible 1103 7. Rejects Pauline Theology and Creeds 1103 8. Maneuvered Into Ally for “True Christianity” 1104 9. Maintains Jesus Communicated With Spirit World 1104 10. Asserts Christ Became Medium at Twelve 1105 11. Jesus’ “Communication” Cited as Warrant for Spiritualism 1105 12. Grave Involvements of Inescapable Alternatives 1106 V. Spiritualist Manual Presents Official Positions of Spiritualism 1106 1. Mission of Spiritualism to “Revolutionize World” 1107 2. Burial Service: Prayers to Spirits of Dead 1107 3. Quotes Pagan Precursors as Supporters of Spiritism 1107 4. Asserts Bible Honeycombed With Spiritistic Phenomena 1108 5. Fox Sisters’ “Raps’ Like Telegraph Taps 1108 6. “Evil” Spirits Explained as Merely Ignorant and Undeveloped 1109 7. Emphatic Denial of “Vicarious Atonement” 1109 8. Medieval and Modern Precursors of Spiritualism 1109 9. Claims Regarding Christian Science and New Thought 1109 53. Peebles’ Amazing Assumptions for Spiritualism 1111 I. Rehearses Distinctive Principles of Spiritualism 1112 1. Blends Innate Immortality With Godship of Man 1112 2. “Death” Held as Merely Entrance Upon Higher Existence 1113 3. Soul, Spirit, and Angels Differentiated 1113 4. “Man” Considered Part of Evolutionary Pantheistic God 1114 5. “Annihilation” of Wicked Held Impossible 1114 II. Continuing Consciousness and Communication 1115 1. Communication Between “Spirits” and Men Held Basic 1115 2. Continuing Consciousness Supreme Message of Spiritualism 1115 3. New Heavens and Earth to Come Through Spiritualism 1115 III. Modern Spiritualism Central in New World Cycle 1116 1. Predicts Spiritualism World Religion by Close of Century 1116 2. Old “Cycle” Ending; New “Dispensation” Beginning 1116 IV. Spiritualism Has Eastern Occult Connotations 1117 1. Spiritualism Lifts “Eastern Curtains” 1117 2. Masters of Past Said to Be Still Preaching to “Spirits in Prison” 1118 V. Spiritualism Equated With Christianity Till Constantine 1118 1. Asserts Early Christianity Was Spiritualist 1118 2. Modern Spiritualism Alleged Revival of “Apostolic” Christianity 1119 3. Christ’s Predicted “Signs” Applied to Spiritualist Phenomena 1119 VI. Consummating Contention Based on “Revelation 14:6” 1120

1. Asserts Angel of Revelation 14:6 Is “Spiritualism” 1120 2. Concealed “Majesty of Immortality” 1122 54. Parapsychology—Spiritualisms “New Frontier” 1124 I. Spiritualism’s Scientific Front Making Significant Advances 1124 1. Dr. S. G. Soal—British Pioneer in Psychic Research 1125 II. Parapsychology Projects “New Frontiers” in Spirit World 1126 1. Societies for Studying Psychic Sixth Sense 1126 2. Laboratories Converting Scientists Into Spiritualists 1127 3. Man’s Mind Said to Be Part of Universal God-Mind 1128 4. Involves Question of Innate Immortality 1128 5. Parapsychology to Help Reunite Christendom 1128 6. New Ally in Spiritual World 1129 7. Used to Diagnose and Heal Disease 1129 III. Parapsychology Concerned With “Life After Death” 1130 1. Indications of Man’s “Living Spirit” 1130 2. Testing “Discarnate Spirit Personalities” 1131 3. Mediumship Reaches Peak, Then Declines 1131 4. Testing Validity of “Spirit” Claims 1131 5. Quest for Proof Not Yet Conclusive 1132 6. “Burden of Proof” Rests With “Spirits” 1133 7. Some Fresh “Break-through” Still Needed 1133 55. Involvements of “Spirit Healing,” Mesmerism, and Hypnotism 1134 I. Spiritualism and the Question of Metaphysical Healing 1134 1. “Healing Medium” Relays Energy From Spirit Doctors 1134 2. Spiritualism the Mother of Metaphysical Healing 1134 3. Spiritual Healing” by “Excarnate Spiritual Beings” 1135 4. “Spiritualist Healer” Cures Through “Inherent Powers” 1136 II. Historical Relationships of Mesmerism, Hypnotism, and Spiritualism 1136 1. Theory of “Animal Magnetism” Goes Back to Eighteenth Century 1136 2. “Magnetic Sleep” Developed by Mesmer in 1775 1137 3. Early Nineteenth-Century Revival of Magnetism 1138 4. Mesmerism Revived by Braid, and Called “Hypnotism” 1138 5. Hypnotism Falls Into Disrepute Around 1848 1138 6. Hypnosis Having Current Spectacular Renaissance” 1139 III. Dr. Davis Writes Under Magnetic-Mesmeric Control 1139 1. Alleged Crest of “Cosmic Tide” in 1830-1848 1139 2. Unique Place Accorded Dr. Davis 1140 3. Book Dictated Under “Magnetic-Mesmeric” Control 1140 4. Davis’ “Medical Revelations” Alleged New Discovery 1141 5. Davis Had Previously Submitted to Mesmeric Control 1142 6. “Mesmerism” at Lily Dale (N.Y.) in 1846-1847 1142 IV. “Spirit Healings” Flaunt Explicit Biblical Provisos 1143 1. Modern Counterpart of Occult Healings of Past Centuries 1143 2. Wrought by Power of Unnumbered Spirits 1144 3. Not Wrought in Name or Power of Jesus 1145 4. Modern Counterpart of Pagan Priestcraft Healings 1145 5. True Healing Never Channeled Through Bible-forbidden Mediums 1146 6. Angels in Existence Before First Human Death 1146 V. Invading Citadel of God-given Sacred Individuality 1147 1. Road to Mind Opened to Invading Spirits 1147 2. The Perils of Surrendering the Will 1147 3. Beware of Manipulation by Scheming Men and Devils 1148 4. Hypnosis Not Favored by Majority of Dentists 1149 VI. Hypnosis May Lead to Disastrous Results 1149 1. Insidious Breaching of the Will 1150 2. Inherent Perils of Hypnosis 1150 VII. Satan Seeking to Control the Minds of Men 1151 56. Warnings of the Word Against the Machinations of Spiritism 1152 I. Bible Testimony Regarding Satan, Demons, and Occultism 1152 1. Score of Designations Identifying Satan 1152 2. Reality, Personality, and Influence of Demons 1154 3. Evil Activities of the Demons 1155 4. Occult Activities Forbidden Under Punishment 1155 5. Practitioners Become Slaves of Satan 1156 II. Multiple Terms for Variants of Spiritualism 1156 1. “Necromancy”—An Abomination Visited With Death 1156 2. “Witch”—Sorcerer Having “Familiar Spirit” 1157 3. “Wizard”—Alleged Consulter With “Spirits” of Dead 1158 4. Having “Familiar Spirits” Involved Death Penalty 1158 5. “Magic”—Secret Art of the Occult Sciences 1159 6. “Sorcerer”—Ultimate Destruction in Lake of Fire 1159 III. Impersonating Demon Deceived King Saul at Endor 1160 1. Inquired of Woman Haping “Familiar Spirit” 1160 2. Impersonating Spirit Answers Illicit Inquiry 1160 3. A Whole Series of Inconsistencies 1162 4. Clearly a Deception Put On by the Devil 1163

IV. Fathers Held Samuel Was Impersonated by Demon 1163 1. Tertullian: Samuel Simulated by “Demon” 1163 2. Minucius: Spirits Are Deceiving Demons 1164 V. Warnings Parallel the Claims and Actualities of Spiritualism 1164 1. Ramsey—Spiritualism Is Satanic Delusion 1164 2. A Series of Incriminating Charges 1165 3. Smith—Devastating Exposure of Fallacies and Dangers 1166 4. Biederwolf—Spirits of the “Cloven Hoof” 1166 5. “Diabolical Possession” More Plausible Explanation 1167 VI. Investigators Doubt Claimed Identity of “Spirits” 1167 1. Garland Questions Reported Identity of Spirits 1167 2. Evidences of Senses May Mislead 1167 3. Personal Survival Not Demonstrated 1168 VII. Various Catholics Hold Phenomena of Satanic Origin 1168 1. Gearon Finds “Diabolic Origin” Theory Persuasive 1168 2. Vaughan—Visitants May Be “Satanic Spirits” 1168 3. Hole—Messages From Personating Evil Spirit 1169 VIII. Isaiah’s Futile Appeal to Disobedient Israel 1169 1. Turned From Author of Life to Author of Death 1170 2. From Subtlety of Demons to Wisdom of God 1170 3. Warned Against Replenishing “From the East” 1171 IX. “Covenant With Death” and “Agreement With Hell” 1171 1. Made “Lies” Their “Refuge” 1171 2. Divine Retribution Is Certain 1172 3. Bold and Unholy Alliances Made for Centuries 1172 4. Not “New Revelation”; Simply “Ancient Falsehood” 1173 5. Satan’s Device Constitutes Perfect Counterfeit 1174 6. Spiritualism Identical With Ancient Witchcraft 1174 57. Fundamental Fallacies of Spiritualism’s Fellow Travelers 1176 I. Christian Science Built on Dual Errors Enunciated in Eden 1176 1. Traces of Ancient Heresies Appear 1177 2. Every Cardinal Doctrine of Christianity Denied 1178 3. Bible Authoritative Only with “Spiritual” Interpretation 1178 4. Translation Errors “Corrected” by Christian Science 1178 5. Value and Validity of “Literal” Rendering Challenged 1179 6. Sin Disposed of by Denial of Reality 1179 7. Bible Remade Through New “Definitions” 1180 8. God Declared Not “Person,” but “Principle” 1181 9. Duality Concept of “Father-Mother” God 1181 10. Further “Duality”—Jesus Was Not Christ 1183 11. Mary’s Conception of Jesus Only “Spiritual” 1183 II. Innate Godship of Man and Immortality of Soul 1184 1. Main Attack on “Literalism” of Genesis 1 to 3 1184 2. The Supreme Denial—Jesus Did Not “Die” 1186 3. Vicarious “Atonement” Rejected as “Unnatural” 1187 4. Jesus’ Resurrection Only “Reproduction” or “Reappearance” 1187 5. “Second Appearing” Is Continuance in Christian Science 1187 6. “Emanations” of Immortal Wisdom” 1188 7. Man Not Made of “Dust” nor Subject to “Death” 1188 8. No Personal Devil or Actual Angels 1189 9. No Final Judgment or Resurrection 1189 10. Man Said to Be “Coexistent,” “Coeternal,” “Indestructible” 1190 11. Man’s Eternal Pre-existence Stressed 1190 12. Common Denominator of Most Deviation Groups 1191 III. Mormonism—“Spirits” Eternally Pre-existent Prior to Earthly Embodiment 1192 1. Authoritative Writings Teach Eternal Pre-existence 1192 2. Claim That All Spirits Pre-existed Before Living on Earth 1193 3. All Spirits Existed Before Creation of World 1194 4. Veil of Forgetfulness to Be Lifted 1195 5. At Death All Allegedly Return to “World of Spirits” 1195 6. Claim That All Lived as Spirits in God’s Presence 1195 7. Declared Spirit Sons and Daughters of God 1196 8. Unchanged Emphasis in Latest Publication 1196 58. Occult Forces of East Join Those of West 1198 I. “East’s” Crucial Part in Earth’s Final Deception 1198 1. Coming Impersonation of Second Advent 1198 2. Twin Lies of Eden Constantly Repeated 1199 3. Pertinence of This Survey 1200 4. Pantheism Is Boldly Taught 1201 5. Reincarnation Likewise Openly Taught 1202 6. India the Spawning Ground of Reincarnationism 1202 7. Immortality Sensed in “Seventh Heaven” 1203 8. Jesus Derogated to “Avatar” Status 1203 9. Biblical Portrayal of Inimitable Advent 1204 II. Eastern Occultism’s Penetrations and Footholds in the West 1205 1. Spiritistic Origin of Plausible Fantasies 1205

2. Tied in With the Occult and the East 1206 3. Personations Through Reincarnated “Agasha” Priest 1207 4. New Discoveries to Augment Christ’s Teachings 1208 5. New Thought Stresses “Divinity of Man” 1209 III. Amazing Conglomerate of Theosophy-related Groups 1210 IV. Primitive Animism—Universe Vast Battleground of Spirits 1212 1. Demons Under Master Spirit—Satan 1213 2. Variant Forms Widespread Over the Centuries 1213 3. Medieval Satanism—Compacts With the Devil 1214 4. Demon Possession in New Testament Times 1214 V. Current Pagan Counterpart of Western Occult 1214 1. Animism Based on Immortal“Inner Selves” 1215 2. Communication Between Visible and Invisible 1215 3. Role of Trance-Mediums and Soothsayers 1216 59. Medley of Eastern Deviations Penetrates West 1217 I. Grave Involvements of Variant Eastern Subtleties 1217 1. Nectar of Immortality and Unoin With God 1218 2. Tie-in With Ancient Masters” and Theosophy 1218 3. Theosophy—Immortality by Evolution Through Incarnation 1219 4. The “I AM” Derivative Movement 1221 5. Avowed Purpose Is to Prove Spiritualism 1221 6. Astara—Blending of All Religions 1222 7. Unity—Reincarnation Results in Immortality 1223 8. Significance of “Great Light” From the “East” 1225 II. Baha’ism Bears Telltale Spiritualist Marks 1225 1. Wilmette Temple Symbolizes Oneness of Religions 1226 2. Communion of Living With the Dead 1227 3. Constant Intercommunication With Other World 1228 60. Utilizing New Techniques—Operating Within the Churches 1230 I. Spiritualist Inroads Through “Spiritual Frontiers Fellowship” 1230 1. Reincarnation Naively Taught at Frontiers Conference 1232 2. In Touch With Loved Ones in Spiritual Realm 1232 3. Frontiers Editor on “Methods of Psychic Research” 1233 4. Medium Ford’s Adroitly Frank “Talk” 1233 5. “Book Review” and “Notes” on the Psychic 1234 6. “Book Service” Specializes in the Psychic 1234 7. Continuing Emphasis on Psychic and Spiritistic 1235 8. Spiritualist Books Interspersed in List 1236 9. “Third Birth” and “Next Dimension” 1237 II. Fellowship’s “Psychic Knock at Church’s Door” 1237 1. From Psychic Societies to Church Penetrations 1238 2. Contacts Between Two Worlds Established 1239 3. Persuaded Personally Through Ford “Sittings” 1240 III. African Newspaper Symposium Champions Spiritualism 1241 1. Preponderant View for Spirit Survival and Spiritualism 1241 61. Spiritualism’s Role in Earth’s Closing Conflict 1243 I. Latter-Day Eruption of Renegade “Spirit” Activities 1243 1. Depraved Spirits Ever Seduce to Destruction 1245 2. Promises Life by Denying Death 1246 II. Spirits of Devils Ascendant in Earth’s Final Deception 1246 1. Hitler, Mussolini, and Kaiser Entangled in Toils 1247 2. God of This World Blinds Minds of Men 1247 3. Two Supernatural Forces Bidding for Control 1248 4. Final Conflict Involves Every Individual 1248 III. World to Be Swept Into Final Conflict by Demonic Forces 1249 1. Leagued Into Confederacy by “Spirits of Devils” 1249 2. Final Holocaust Just Before Second Advent 1250 3. Deluded Because Without Protection of Word 1250 4. Two Opposing Forces Face to Face 1251 5. Underlying Cause of the Great Deception 1251 6. Impelled by Forces Beyond Human Control 1252 IV. Vindication of God’s Truth; Overthrow of Satan’s Lie 1252 1. Spiritistic Seances Date Back to Gates of Eden 1252 2. Inevitable Outcome of Conflict of the Ages 1253 3. Destruction for Believers of Satan’s Original Lie 1254 62. Summing Up the Evidence of the Centuries 1257 I. Build-up and Penetration of Immortal-Soul Concept 1258 1. Triple Origin of Immortal Soul Innovation 1258 2. Becomes Potent Philosophy Under Plato 1259 3. Jewry Split Into Two Schools on Immortality 1259 4. Motley Situation When Christ Appeared 1260 5. Apostolic and Ante-Nicene Conditionalists 1261 6. Eternal Tormentism Established by Tertullian 1261 7. Universal Restorationism Projected by Origen 1262 II. Reformation Sparks Resurgence of Conditionalism 1263

1. Bleak and Largely Silent Centuries 1263 2. Waldensian Adherents and Rabbinical Revolters 1263 3. Ethiopian and Malabar Rejecters of Immortal-Soulism 1264 4. Pomponatius Forces Declaration of Catholic Dogma 1264 5. Conditionalism Sparks Split in Protestant Ranks 1264 6. Notable Recruits to Conditionalist Cause 1265 7. New World Voices Add Their Testimony 1265 8. Fresh Revolts Add New Impetus 1266 9. Notable Champions Arise in Britain and Continent 1266 10. America Keeps Pace With Old World 1267 III. Brilliant Array of Witnesses Marks Twentieth Century 1268 1. Ground Swell of Revolt Against Traditional Positions 1268 IV. Injection of the Culminating Factor 1269 1. Supreme Factor in Last Great Struggle 1269 2. Circumventing the Sentence of God 1270 V. Time to Unmask Satan’s Masterpiece 1271 1. Adapted to All Ages and Conditions 1272 2. From Universal Penetration to Crowning Deception 1272 3. Spiritualism a Cruel Travesty 1273 4. Adapts Itself to Scientific Age 1273 5. Sweeping World Into Threefold Alliance 1274 6. Built Upon Reiteration of Unchanging Lie 1274 7. Occult Augmentations From the East 1275 8. High Time to Sound the Alarm 1275

[CD-ROM Editor’s Note: In the original, the “Index of Personal Names” is located on pages 1336-1344]