8 THE VISCERA

Three cavities of the body: cranio-spinal, thorax, and abdomen.-Organ of the voice, the larynx described.-How the voice is produced.-Training the voice.-The wind-pipe: its description, and action.-The lungs: their action.-The pleura.-Breathing: how accomplished.-Capillaries of the lungs.-Digestion of air in the lungs.-Pure air essential to health of lungs.-Purification of the blood in the lungs.-Freedom for the lungs.-Effects of impure air on the lungs.-Ventilation of rooms.-Inflammation of lungs: how treated.-The peritoneum.-Great omentum and mesentery.-Alimentary canal.-The mouth, and salivary glands.-Effects of improper mastication.-Drinking with food: its effect.-The oesophagus.-The stomach: its action.-Duodenum, or second stomach.-Pancreas.-Liver.-Gall bladder.-Jejunum.-Heum.-Large intestine.-Rectum.-Mesocolon.-Caul.-Spleen.-Kidneys.-Supra-renal capsules

Figure XVI
PICTURE
VITAL SYSTEM

310. What is Fig.XVI designed to represent?HBH 144.1

Those organs of the body called the viscera, which occupy the three great internal cavities of the system: the crano-spinal, thorax, and abdomen. The first is occupied by the brain and spinal marrow, which we have already described. The thoracic cavity, or chest, contains the heart and lungs. The abdominal cavity proper contains the stomach and intestines, liver, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and supra-renal capsules. Its lower portion contains the intestines, the bladder, kidneys, etc.HBH 144.2

The relative situation of the various parts may be seen by looking at Fig. XVI. A, the heart; B B, the lungs; d, is the diaphragm, which forms the partition between the thorax and abdomen; C, the liver; D, the stomach; E, the spleen; m m, the kidneys; f f and k k, large and small intestines; g, bladder. Immediately under the letter d is the cardiac orifice of the stomach, and at the right extremity or pit of the stomach, is the pyloric orifice.HBH 144.3